154

Welcome message from the Editors‐in‐Chief

Authors: M.Ulieru, V. Vyatkin

Year: 2014, Volume: 1, Number: 1

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

Welcome to the inaugural edition of the EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web Transactions! This journal is positioned at the forefront of the efforts related to the new generation of energy production and distribution as a forum for the most forward looking frontier research undertaken by the international scientific community to investigate the potential transformative role that ICT can have on the energy sector. We will publish original works reporting on prominent advances in the area of ICTenabled energy systems that challenge traditional thinking to find solutions to the ongoing energy problems spanning from blackouts to green and alternative energy. With ICT pervading everyday objects and infrastructures, the ‘Future Internet’ is envisioned to leap towards a radical transformation from how we know it today (a mere communication highway) into a vast hybrid network seamlessly integrating knowledge, people and machines as techno-social ecosystems whose behaviour transcends the boundaries of today’s engineering science. From selfreconfiguring manufacturing plants and self-stabilizing energy grids to self-deploying emergency taskforces – such ecosystems relying on a myriad of mobile devices, software agents and human users will be spontaneously deployed through eNetworks on the sole basis of local rules and peer-to-peer communication. This trend is driving a much needed radical transformation of the energy sector metamorphosed into a pervasively adaptive ecosystem of hybrid energy providers in which local microgrids of prosumers (producers and consumers) will *Corresponding author, Email: [email protected] interact with large power providers in a coopetition-driven manner. Several technologies are currently racing to production to meet this dream, from ‘smart dust’ to hybrid networks capable to control the emergence of dependable and reliable green and energy-efficient ecosystems – which we generically term the ‘energy web’ – calling for major paradigm shifts highly disruptive of the ways the energy sector functions today. This inaugural issue of the EnergyWeb Transactions presents two works, which are representative for the Energy Web research and development.

Keywords: Welcome message , Chief

148

International Smart Grid Roadmaps and their Assessment

Authors: Michael Specht, Sebastian Rohjans, Jörn Trefke, Mathias Uslar, José M. González

Year: 2014, Volume: 1, Number: 1

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

In US and Europe many approaches and efforts exist with different viewpoints and focuses on what is understood as smart grids. One agreement of almost all approaches is the need for standardization to operate smart grids. Thus, several roadmaps and studies, mainly dealing with smart grid standardization, were developed. However, these documents are also focusing different parts of smart grid realizations and were mainly devised independently from each other. In this contribution, an overview on the most important approaches is given and furthermore, a set of identified core standards is introduced. Though, to make reliable statements about the approaches it is necessary to have a methodology enabling comparability and measurability. Hence, the Smart Grid Maturity Model (SGMM) is presented as a starting point for the assessment of projects and roadmaps. Since it does not meet all requirements for such assessments, because it was developed to assess utilities and follows a one-size-fits-all approach, a configuration approach based on several parameters, representing significant characteristics, is suggested.

Keywords: standardization, roadmap, smart grid, technology, maturity model

157

Resilience Governance through Serious Energy Gaming

Authors: Adrian V. Gheorghe, Dan V. Vamanu

Year: 2014, Volume: 1, Number: 1

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

Physical analogies emphasizing cooperative behavior in systems are explored and integrated into so called 'serious energy games', to contribute in a better understanding, monitoring and good governance of some of the complex security issues confronting the evolvement of contemporary energy systems. It is believed that such exercises might be supportive in the necessary attempt, by the many stakeholders and actors / agents involved, to bring balance to prevailing policies of which seems to be “Go change yourself - in a resilient fashion!” An extrapolation of several findings to other than energy systems tempted to implement drastic changes based on substantial substitutions - hardware, software and mindware - under relatively short time horizons cannot be ruled out.

Keywords: serious gaming, resilience

151

Real-Time Simulation Technique of a Microgrid Model for DER Penetration

Authors: Konstantina Mentesidi, Evangelos Rikos, Vasilis Kleftakis, Panos Kotsampopoulos, Monica Aguado

Year: 2014, Volume: 2, Number: 1

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

Comprehensive analysis of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) integration requires tools that provide computational power and flexibility. In this context, throughout this paper PHIL simulations are performed to emulate the energy management system of a real microgrid including a diesel synchronous machine and inverter-based sources. Moreover, conventional frequency and voltage droops were incorporated into the respective inverters. The results were verified at the real microgrid installation in the Centre for Renewable Energy Sources (CRES) premises. This research work is divided into two steps: A) Real time in RSCAD/RTDS and Power Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) simulations where the diesel generator´s active power droop control is evaluated, the battery inverter´s droop curves are simulated and the load sharing for parallel operation of the system´s generation units is examined. B) microgrid experiments during which various tests were executed concerning the diesel generator and the battery inverters in order to examine their dynamic operation within the LV islanded power system.

Keywords: droop control, power hardware- in- the- loop (PHIL), RSCAD/ RTDS

147

Consensus-based distributed control for economic dispatch problem with comprehensive constraints in a smart grid

Authors: J. Cao, M. Yu, J. Tung

Year: 1989, Volume: 2, Number: 1

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

Economic dispatch problem (EDP) has become more complex and challenging in power systems due to the introduction of smart grids. In a smart grid, it’s expensive and unreliable for the existing centralized controller to achieve a minimum cost when generating a certain amount of power. In this work, we define a quadratic cost function and comprehensive constraints to improve the consensus algorithm. We propose a distributed control approach based on the improved consensus algorithm to solve the EDP in a smart grid. Different from the centralized approach, the proposed approach enables each generator to collect the mismatch between power demands and generations in a distributed manner. The mismatch in power is used as a feedback for each generator to adjust its power generation. The incremental cost of the generator is selected as the consensus quantity that converges to a common value eventually. Simulation results of different case studies are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The comparisons between the proposed approach and the existing ones are also presented.

Keywords: consensus algorithm, convergence, distributed control, economic dispatch problem, incremental cost, smart grid

147

The system of nonlinear adaptive control for wind turbine with DFIG

Authors: Mikhail Medvedev, Andrey Mazalov

Year: 2014, Volume: 2, Number: 1

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

This paper presents a problem solution of the stable voltage generating in the changing terms of environment for the double-fed induction generator (DFIG). For this, in nonlinear multivariable systems, such as mathematical model of DFIG, the method of observer’s synthesis for external, parametric and structural disturbances was used. This allows, on the basis of disturbances approximation, to carry out an evaluation under conditions of uncertainty, leading to disturbances adaptation with a priori unknown structure. The work presents a synthesis method of control system, allowing to solve indicated problem. Stand-alone wind turbine used as a power plant with DFIG. The control system uses the original nonlinear mathematical model of the DFIG in rotating “dq” coordinates, taking into account non-linear changes in the parameters. To confirm the effectiveness of the problem solution, mathematical computer model was developed. The paper also presents the results of full-scale simulation.

Keywords: wind power plant, adaptive control, doubly-fed induction machine, non-linear control system

155

SysGRID: IEC 61850 and IEC 61499 Standard Based Engineering Tool for Smart Grid Automation Design

Authors: Chen-Wei Yang, Gulnara Zhabelova, Valeriy Vyatkin

Year: 2014, Volume: 2, Number: 1

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

The so called Smart Grid is said to be distributed in nature with an accompanying control architecture which is made up of a heterogeneous network of controllers communicating in a peer-to-peer manner. The paper proposes a novel computer-aided model-based system engineering process for the design of a Smart Grid applications from the initial design specification through to the validation of the control system and hardware deployment. The process is supported by the SysGRID tool, which plays the roles of a system configurator and device configurator adopted from the International Standard IEC 61850. SysGRID supports system-level design of automation logic in the form of function block networks compliant with the international standard IEC 61499. The capabilities of SysGRID are demonstrated through the process of designing a distributed protection application based on IEC 61850 and the resultant validation process in a close-loop co-simulation.

Keywords: IEC 61850, IEC 61499, SysGRID, SCL, Model-Based System Engineering, Sympathetic Tripping

146

Distributor pricing approaches enabled in Smart Grid to differentiate delivery service quality

Authors: Zhongwei Jake Zhang, Nirmal-Kumar C Nair

Year: 2014, Volume: 1, Number: 3

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

Industry practitioners who advocate retail competition and Demand-side Participation now look for approaches to link both initiatives through distributor pricing. As distributors incrementally convert more traditional assets into Smart Grid assets, they also need to consider different pricing approaches to recover the investment costs and meet the regulatory business requirements. Small electricity consumers need incentives to take part in these initiatives but their delivery service quality should also be closely guarded. Hence this paper addresses the above needs as a whole and investigates a set of distributor pricing approaches with Smart Grid technologies. Pricing of network and non-network based solutions should follow the incremental basis, such as the long run average incremental cost (LRAIC). The benefit of deferring network investment is calculated and should be passed to consumers as peak pricing rebate. A concept of reliability premium (RP) based on load point reliability index is proposed, through which customers can express their preference of service quality and adjust their network tariff payment accordingly. A service delivery model is also proposed to utilize the savings from wholesale market trading to compensate for the downgraded service when loads are controlled. The IEEE 123-node distribution test feeder and the IEEE distribution system for RBTS Bus No. 2 are simulated, and solved using General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) to demonstrate the proposed distributor pricing approaches in Smart Grid.

Keywords: Asset management, load management, power distribution, power system economics, power system reliability

147

Demand Response an Alternative Solution to Prevent Load Shedding Triggering

Authors: K. Mollah, N.K.C Nair, R.K. Rayudu

Year: 2014, Volume: 1, Number: 3

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

This paper investigates an alternative solution to prevent Load Shedding (LS) triggering during underfrequency and proposes a new technique to restore the frequency during emergency events. Demand response (DR) is considered as one of the most promising Smart Grid concepts that can be used to support the peak demand, whereas, LS is an existing last resort method during emergency grid situations. Both schemes aim to balance the load and generation in real-time and restore the frequency very quickly. This paper incorporates integrating Incentive based Demand Response (IDR) with spinning reserve for smaller underfrequency events to manage the system peak demand. It also introduces a new frequency band for an Emergency Demand Response (EDR) as an alternative inexpensive solution that can replace costly spinning reserves and help to prevent LS. An energy index factor is used to identify the consumption pattern of consumers to enable them to participate in IDR. An illustrative example of the performance of the proposed scheme on a modified 15 bus test system is shown. Simulation results on different scenarios confirm that the proposed method is effective to improve the frequency restoration process along with enabling participation of new services.

Keywords: Demand response; under frequency load shedding; rate of change of frequency; energy shedding; and radial distribution system

152

Multiagent voltage and reactive power control system

Authors: I. Arkhipov, A. Molskij , A. Ivanov , D. Novickij, D. Sorokin , D. Holkin

Year: 2014, Volume: 1, Number: 3

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

This paper is devoted to the research of multiagent voltage and reactive power control system development. The prototype of the system has been developed by R&D Center at FGC UES (Russia). The control system architecture is based on the innovative multiagent system theory application that leads to the achievement of several significant advantages (in comparison to traditional control systems implementation) such as control system efficiency enhancement, control system survivability and cyber security.

Keywords: Multiagent systems, Smart Grid, intelligent power systems, voltage and reactive power flow control, active power losses

155

Web interactive non intrusive load disaggregation system for active demand in smart grids

Authors: G.M. Tina, V. A. Amenta, O. Tomarchio, G. Di Modica

Year: 2014, Volume: 1, Number: 3

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

A Smart Grid combines the use of traditional technology with innovative digital solutions, making the management of the electricity grid more flexible. It allows for monitoring, analysis, control and communication within the supply chain to improve efficiency, reduce the energy consumption and cost, and maximize the transparency and reliability of the energy supply chain. The optimization of energy consumption in Smart Grids is possible by using an innovative system based on Non Intrusive Appliance Load Monitoring (NIALM) algorithms, in which individual appliance power consumption information is disaggregated from single-point measurements, that provide a feedback in such a way to make energy more visible and more amenable to understanding and control. We contribute with an approach for monitoring consumption of electric power in households based on both a NILM algorithm, that uses a simple load signatures, and a web interactive systems that allows an active role played by users.

Keywords: Smart grid, load monitoring; NIALMS; energy management; Feedback, ICT

143

A New GPS-based Digital Protection System for Smart Grids in Loop Structure

Authors: X. Liu, M. Steurer, M. Yu

Year: 2014, Volume: 1, Number: 3

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

This paper presents a new digital protection system to solve the protection challenges in future smart grids, i.e., fast protection and fault isolation in a loop-structured system with limited magnitude of fault current. The new system combines two protection algorithms, i.e., a differential protection as the primary algorithm and an overcurrent protection as the backup one. The new system uses real-time Ethernet and digital data acquisition techniques to overcome the restriction on data transmission over large grids. The current measurements at different locations are time-synchronized by GPS clocks, and then transmitted to a central computer via the Ethernet. As opposed to digital relays which often contain PMU functionality nowadays, this approach uses time stamps on the instantaneous current values. We build a prototype of the new system on a test-bed. The results from simulations and experiments have demonstrated that the protection system achieves fast and accurate protection.

Keywords: Smart grid protection, differential protection, GPS synchronization, and microcontrollers

149

A Unified Monitoring Framework for Energy Consumption and Network Traffic

Authors: Florentin Clouet, Simon Delamare, Jean-Patrick Gelas, Laurent Lefèvre, Lucas Nussbaum, Clément Parisot, Laurent Pouilloux, François Rossigneux

Year: 2015, Volume: 1, Number: 4

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

Providing experimenters with deep insight about the effects of their experiments is a central feature of testbeds. In this paper, we describe Kwapi, a framework designed in the context of the Grid'5000 testbed, that unifies measurements for both energy consumption and network traffic. Because all measurements are taken at the infrastructure level (using sensors in power and network equipment), using this framework has no dependencies on the experiments themselves. Initially designed for OpenStack infrastructures, the Kwapi framework allows monitoring and reporting of energy consumption of distributed platforms. In this article, we present the extension of Kwapi to network monitoring, and outline how we overcame several challenges: scaling to a testbed the size of Grid'5000 while still providing high-frequency measurements; providing long-term loss-less storage of measurements; handling operational issues when deploying such a tool on a real infrastructure.

Keywords: experimentation, monitoring, measurement, energy consumption, network traffic

138

Research on Clothing Product Reviews Mining Based on the Maximum Entropy

Authors: Pengfei Feng, Qinghong Yang

Year: 2015, Volume: 1, Number: 4

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

this paper excavated the review theme of clothing products by method of association rules, and built a maximum entropy model for the reviews classification. Then this paper did experimental verification to large-scale clothing product reviews classification, which verified the practical effect that maximum entropy model had in the comment text classification problems. In the process of classification, the maximum entropy model had a good effect, of which accuracy was over 90%.

Keywords: association rules; the maximum entropy; review classification

145

A Study of Application Layer Paradigm for Lower Layer Energy Saving Potentials in Cloud-Edge Social User Wireless Image Sharing

Authors: Wei Wang, Kazem Sohraby

Year: 2015, Volume: 2, Number: 4

EAI Endorsed Transactions on Energy Web 2019/Jun/07

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Abstract

Energy saving becomes critical in modern cloud wireless multimedia and mobile communication systems. In this paper we propose to study a new paradigm named application layer Position-Value diversity for wireless image sharing for cloud-edge communications, which has significant energy saving potentials for modern wireless networking systems. In this new paradigm, saving energy is achieved by looking into application layer imaging traffic, in stead of MAC-PHY protocols at lower layers, and partitioning it into important positions and unimportant values. This paradigm could be integrated to existing wavelet-based tree compression, and truncation of image bit streams could be performed with regards to wireless communication energy budget estimation. Simulation results demonstrated that there are significant potentials of communication energy efficiency gain and Quality of Experience (QoE) enhancement in wireless image communication systems.

Keywords: wireless multimedia transmission, energy efficiency

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