Authors:
Dalzar Nashwam Salem
Year: 2017,
Volume: 0,
Number: 2
(0 downloads)
Abstract
Identity is one of the forms of belonging to specific cultural groups. By that, the individual becomes a member of the larger community. It means that individuals can integrate with each other, act as each other’s specific features. And what is more important to them, all the standards they adopt are the same. In the circumstances, whereas many social groups are forced to leave their countries, their respective objectives are different. Some are leaving for work, some avoiding wars or persecution, and others want to improve their living conditions. This forces us to undertake in-depth analyses of the situation, because the members of other countries are not always favourably disposed to accept foreigners. In the case of people from the Middle East concerns are stronger; the more Europe is struggling with the wave of terrorism. This raises additional concerns. These are strong enough, that it erases the advantages of the influx of foreign labour for an ageing community. Of course Europe undertakes appropriate actions to help the immigrant population. None the less fears are strong enough to block the appreciation of the advantages of this potential.
Keywords: Middle East, collective identity, the European Union
Authors:
Year: 2017,
Volume: 0,
Number: 2
(1 downloads)
Abstract
The main purpose of the paper was to present external (international) determi
nants influencing the shape of Turkish foreign policy. The structure of the work
is based on the scheme developed by R. Zięba, illustrating factors shaping the
foreign policy of the state. Due to volume restrictions, it was decided to analyze
the following conditions: evolution of the geopolitical situation in the region, the
position of the state in the system of international relations and roles, and the
range of contractual international connections (objective external determinants),
as well as international perception of a
given country and nation, and expectations and requirements formulated towards them by other countries (subjective
external determinants).
Keywords:
Authors:
Marcin Adamczyk, Kamil Baraniuk
Year: 2017,
Volume: 0,
Number: 2
(0 downloads)
Abstract
Studying Chinese intelligence service brings researchers and their readers to
gether to identify the specific ways in which the state achieves its goals interna
tionally. Intelligence is deeply rooted in the Chinese understanding of interstate
competition, and its essential effect, ie knowledge, is a
key element in rational
decision-making in foreign and security policy. Intelligence is also an important
tool for reducing the technological gap between the PRC and Western countries.
Years of tradition, size and international status make the intelligence service of
the People’s Republic of China have certain characteristics that characterize its
operation. Their description may help to understand the philosophy underlying
the intelligence work on Chinese characteristics, the role of these institutions in
foreign policy and their methodology of action. Authors decided to focus on two
aspects: the structures responsible for the interview and the specificity of the ap
proach to collecting information. The main reason for adopting such a
perspective is the desire to outline the main differences in Chinese intelligence work in
relation to Western countries of cultural or even Russian. A
look at the structure
of the intelligence and its place in the system brings us closer to understanding
what role the Chinese attribute and what they expect from the institutions called
to collect information.
Keywords: China, organizational structure of the intelligence service, cyber spy - ing, guanx
Authors:
Natalia Sienko
Year: 2017,
Volume: 0,
Number: 2
(0 downloads)
Abstract
This article attempts to systematize the possible sources and causes of the Chi
nese-Taiwanese conflict based on the three levels of analysis presented by Ken
neth Waltz. The author discusses the assumptions of realism theory (structural
realism) on the basis of the modes of functioning of the individual, state, and
international system. Through this analysis, it will be possible to assess the loca
tion of the various elements (forces) driving the war in the international system.
Keywords: levels of analysis, individual, state, international system, actors, po - litical realism
Authors:
Agata Tarnacka
Year: 2017,
Volume: 0,
Number: 2
(0 downloads)
Abstract
В статье, озаглавленной
Китайская правовая система и защита жизни
– наброски проблемы
, представлены основные вопросы, связанные с осно
вами азиатских философских и религиозных тенденций, которые повлия
ли на китайское законодательство и анализ китайских уголовных законов,
касающихся законная защита жизни. Что касается защиты прав человека
в уголовном праве, то следует отметить, что основным отличием от запад
ных правовых постановлений является установленная законом угроза пре
ступления против смертной казни. Следует также упомянуть о методе по
строения правил, который далек от того, что основано на римском праве,
что только подтверждает другой способ мышления азиатов о праве. Однако
цель положений – наказание преступника остается неизменной, то же са
мое – и наказуемые деяния. В каталоге преступлений нет диаметральных
различий, кажется, что он не отличается от положений западных правовых
систем
Keywords:
