A Review on insulin and vitamin D in pre menopausal and menopausal women

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A Review on insulin and vitamin D in pre menopausal and menopausal women

Journal Title: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES - Year 2018, Vol 4, Issue 2

Abstract

Premenopause is a relatively new term coned in the last twenty years by the medical community to describe symptoms caused by normal hormonal fluctuation that occur as a woman moves close to her menopause. These symptoms can be broad-ranging and diffuse and differ for every woman, causing a lot of confusion and anxiety. During the premenopause, there is an increase in the proportion of cycles that are anovulatory. However, the mechanisms responsible for premenopausal anovulation remain unclear. The anovulatory cycles occurring during the premenopause appear similar to those occurring in adolescents and may reflects an inability to produce a preovulatory surge of gonadotropins after exposure estrogen, atleast in some women. In premenopausal women, bone loss has been significantly associated with low concentration of androgens; however, in premenopusal and menopausal women, low level of androgens and estrogens have been noted, thus sex steroids are important before menopausal to maintain integrity of the skeleton and also important during peri and post menopausal years. Menopause is the point in time when a woman’s menstrual periods stop. Some people call the year leading up to a woman’s last period “Menopauses”, but that time actually is premenopause. Periods can stop for a while and start again, so a woman is considered to have been though menopause only after a full year without periods. Significantly increase in and after the menopause, due to the subsiding ovarian function, compared to the levels in sexually mature women. These high values remain at about this level until the onset of the senium when they start to drop age follicle stimulating hormone due to an age related involution of the pituitary gland. They then remain more or less steady at a slightly increased level until the end of life. The menopause is accompanied by a transition from a gynoid to an android pattern of body fat distribution and an increase in total body fat without a significant change in total percent body fat. Increases are seen in both truncal and subcutaneous abdominal fat mass, with the greatest change seen in intra-abdominal fat mass. Most women transitioning through menopause, especially those with higher percent body fat will experience hot flashes through a mean of 4 to 5 years. Many also have mood disturbances and muscle aches although the link with the menopausal transition is less clear.

Authors and Affiliations

Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi

Keywords

EP ID EP552761
DOI 10.22192/ijcrms.2018.04.02.018
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