Biomarkers and Depression Associated to Type 2 Diabetes A Pilot Study
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2019, Vol 13, Issue 4
Abstract
Puerto Rico has one of the highest diabetes rates in the USA and the prevalence of clinically diagnosed diabetes increased almost 5-folds between the years 2000 and 2004; and the upward trend still continues. On the other hand, it is well recognized that depression is highly prevalent among diabetic individuals and both, depression and diabetes, have been associated with the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis via biomarkers such as cytokines and endotoxins. The purposes of the current cross-sectional study were to compare depression and biomarkers levels between diabetic individuals and a control group. A total of 63 individual participated in the study of which 42 were diabetics and 21 healthy individuals. Results suggest that diabetic individuals shown significant higher depressive symptoms in comparison to individuals in the control group. In terms of the biomarkers’ comparison, diabetic individuals had lower levels of various cytokines; also, obtained lower levels of endotoxins. However, diabetic individuals obtained significant higher levels of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which are related to cortisol release in the (HPA) axis. In terms of practical implications, it is important to examine depression levels on diabetic individuals due to its association to their non-adherence to treatment and the subsequence diabetic complications.Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the nation [1]. The Puerto Rico Department of Health report that 3,115 annually die of the disease, making it the third leading cause of mortality in Puerto Rico (a US Commonwealth island in the Caribbean with a population of 3.6 million) where the mortality rate is 81.6% [2]. Indeed, the CDC report in 2012 showed that 12.7% of >18 years old Puerto Ricans were diabetics, making it one of the highest in the nation [3]. It is well recognized that depressive disorders are highly prevalent among diabetic individuals [4-7]. The condition of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic illness with established cross- sectional and longitudinal relationships with depression [8]. Moreover, some studies have reported that individuals with T2D have 2.9-fold significantly increased odds of having depression compared to non-diabetes individuals [5-7]. Also, depressive disorders are associated with increased medical morbidity and mortality in individuals with T2D [9].
Authors and Affiliations
Ernesto Rosario-Hernández, Lissette Negrón Marín, Estrella Bacenet, Juan Velázquez De Jesús, Pablo López, Yasuhiro Yamamura
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP585794
- DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.13.002437
- Views 159
- Downloads 0
Membrane Currents in Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney Cells are Enhanced by Exposure to Dioxin
Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells, which are known to be responsive to the effect of dioxin, have to been used to investigate if exposure to the 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo- p-dioxin could alter their membrane currents. He...
Overall Management of Individualized Treatment for a Patient with Advanced NSCLC
Objective: This article analyzes the overall management of a patient with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who has been managed for a total of 4 years and provides a reference for clinical case management. Methods: A...
Identical Ovarian and Deep Pelvic Endometriosis with Colorectal Involvement in Monozygotic Twins: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Endometriosis is a common benign gynecologic disease characterised by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus. We present a brief review on the genetic factors underlying endometriosis, followed by...
Monthly Variation in Finnish Total Mortality During 1891-2017, Temperature and Discussions
Seasonal variation in mortality resulting from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been demonstrated e.g. in Norway and Ireland, with the highest levels observed during the coldest months of the yea...
Pinning Down HELLP: A Review
Preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome, both disorders unique to pregnancy, remain a major cause of maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is the most common medical disorder complicating pregnancy. In both...