Biomarkers and Depression Associated to Type 2 Diabetes A Pilot Study
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2019, Vol 13, Issue 4
Abstract
Puerto Rico has one of the highest diabetes rates in the USA and the prevalence of clinically diagnosed diabetes increased almost 5-folds between the years 2000 and 2004; and the upward trend still continues. On the other hand, it is well recognized that depression is highly prevalent among diabetic individuals and both, depression and diabetes, have been associated with the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis via biomarkers such as cytokines and endotoxins. The purposes of the current cross-sectional study were to compare depression and biomarkers levels between diabetic individuals and a control group. A total of 63 individual participated in the study of which 42 were diabetics and 21 healthy individuals. Results suggest that diabetic individuals shown significant higher depressive symptoms in comparison to individuals in the control group. In terms of the biomarkers’ comparison, diabetic individuals had lower levels of various cytokines; also, obtained lower levels of endotoxins. However, diabetic individuals obtained significant higher levels of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which are related to cortisol release in the (HPA) axis. In terms of practical implications, it is important to examine depression levels on diabetic individuals due to its association to their non-adherence to treatment and the subsequence diabetic complications.Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in the nation [1]. The Puerto Rico Department of Health report that 3,115 annually die of the disease, making it the third leading cause of mortality in Puerto Rico (a US Commonwealth island in the Caribbean with a population of 3.6 million) where the mortality rate is 81.6% [2]. Indeed, the CDC report in 2012 showed that 12.7% of >18 years old Puerto Ricans were diabetics, making it one of the highest in the nation [3]. It is well recognized that depressive disorders are highly prevalent among diabetic individuals [4-7]. The condition of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic illness with established cross- sectional and longitudinal relationships with depression [8]. Moreover, some studies have reported that individuals with T2D have 2.9-fold significantly increased odds of having depression compared to non-diabetes individuals [5-7]. Also, depressive disorders are associated with increased medical morbidity and mortality in individuals with T2D [9].
Authors and Affiliations
Ernesto Rosario-Hernández, Lissette Negrón Marín, Estrella Bacenet, Juan Velázquez De Jesús, Pablo López, Yasuhiro Yamamura
Keywords
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- EP ID EP585794
- DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.13.002437
- Views 144
- Downloads 0
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