But-2-enal – mieszanina izomerów – E-but-2-enal i Z-but-2-enal. Dokumentacja proponowanych dopuszczalnych wielkości narażenia zawodowego
Journal Title: Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy - Year 2017, Vol 33, Issue 4
Abstract
But-2-enal (crotonaldehyde) is a colourless liquid with a sharp odour. In commerce it is usually available as a mixture of Z (cis) and E (trans) isomers (with a predominance of an E isomer over 90%). Due to its easily recognizable and distinctive odour, but-2-enal was added to the fuel gases as a marker to detect leakage and leakiness in transmission lines. Currently, but-2-enal is mainly used for the production of sorbic acid (trans, trans-2,4-hexadienoic acid), a food preservative. According to the data of the Chief Sanitary Inspectorate, there were no workers exposed to but-2-enal in concentrations exceeding 0.1 TLV (Threshold Limit Value), (6 mg/m3), i.e. 0.6 mg/m3 in the years 2013-2014 in Poland. But-2-enal is well absorbed into the body by inhalation, through the skin and by ingestion. Because of the very sharp, irritating scent of but-2-enal, no cases of acute poisoning have been reported in humans. Volunteers and workers exposed to the but-2-enal suffered from irritating effects on the eyes and nasal mucosa. There is no available data on chronic exposure of but-2-enal in humans. Acute toxicity of but-2-enal in experimental animals expressed in lethal dose mediators enable to classify this compound as toxic. It exhibits strong irritating effects on the eyes and nasal mucous membranes and respiratory tract. There is no data on skin irritation and sensitization. In short-term and subchronic studies in mice and rats exposed intragastrically to but-2-enal for 13 weeks, predominant changes associated with the administration route was npoted in the forestomach, including thickening of the gastric mucosa with rickets (only in rats) and acute inflammation. Subchronic study (113 weeks) in rats, where but-2-enal was administered in drinking water (only at the lowest dose) resulted in tumours in the liver and the focal lesions in the liver cells. These effects have not been reported in rats exposed to two higher doses. But-2-enal was not mutagenic in Ames tests, but was genotoxic, e.g. caused DNA adducts. Few data indicate that but-2-enal has harmful effects on germ cells. The compound is not classified by IARC in terms of carcinogenicity. The major toxic effect of but-2-enal toxicity in humans and animals was a strong irritant effect on the eyes and nasal mucosa. In animals irritation of the respiratory tract was also observed. As a basis for calculating TLV for but-2-enal (mixture of isomers) and Z (cis) and E (trans) isomers, the low odour detection threshold (OT50 0.20 mg/m3) was adopted. Moreover, results of study assessing respiratory rate in two mouse strains, where only slight differences in RD50 was noted, was taken into account. One tenth of the value of 10.05 mg/m3 (3.5 ppm), i.e. 1 mg/m3, was used to determine the TLV. But-2-enal is a potent irritant, so the STEL (Short-Term Exposure Limit) is proposed at 2 mg/m3. The reduction of the valid values for but-2-enal (mixture of isomers) is also justified by the genotoxicity of the compound and possibly carcinogenic in experimental animals (which was due to the non-normative value of SCOEL and MAK). Norms are labeled "skin" (absorption of the substance through the skin can be as important as exposure to the respiratory tract) and the letter "I" (irritant).
Authors and Affiliations
ANNA KILANOWICZ, Andrzej Sapota, Adam Daragó
Keywords
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