Comparison between a Biochemical Pathway and Organic Chemical Synthesis
Journal Title: Archives of Organic and Inorganic Chemical Sciences - Year 2018, Vol 2, Issue 2
Abstract
The first reaction of biochemical degradation pathway from L-phenylalanine to L-tyrosine (para-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine) is compared with organic chemical synthesis of ortho-hydroxy-L- phenylalanine, meta-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine and para-hydroxy- L-phenylalanine. Enzymatic reaction is specific for the para- isomer, is a quicker reaction and shows higher yield than non enzymatic reactions. L-Tyrosine (Tyr or Y), or 4-hydroxy L-phenylalanine (para- hydroxy-L-phenylalanine) is one of the 20 standard amino acids used in protein synthesis. In humans, L-phenylalanine is an indispensable dietary amino acid. Nevertheless, L-tyrosine is not considered an indispensable dietary amino acid for humans, as it can be synthesized from L-phenylalanine in the first reaction of L-phenylalanine degradation. This reaction is enzymatically catalyzed by phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase (E.C. 1.14.16.1.), and this enzyme is located in the cytosol and expressed predominantly in the liver and kidney [1]. Mammalian phenylalanine-4-hydroxylase uses (6R)-tetrahydrobiopterin as a cofactor [2] in a reaction mechanism shown in Figure 1. In mammals, L-tyrosine is precursor of neurotransmitters and hormones. In dopaminergic cells in brain this amino acid is converted to L-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxy L-phenylalanine) and dopamine (3,4-dihydroxy phenethylamine) and furthermore to cathecolamines, such as noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine). Thyroid hormones derived from L-tyrosine are triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). L-tyrosine is also precursor of alkaloids in plants (including morphine and mescaline), natural phenols derived from p-coumaric acid, pigments (including melanin) and the benzoquinone structure of coenzyme Q. Thus, due to the interest of L-tyrosine as precursor of the previous described compounds, industrial synthesis of L-tyrosine and its derivatives has been performed. L-DOPA, melanin, phenylpropanoids and others compounds are used in pharmaceuticals, dietary supplements and food additives. Biochemical pathways consist in metabolic transformations to obtain a final product. Enzymes are chiral molecules, as they are formed from L-amino acids. Thus, they can catalyze organic reactions allowing generation of chiral compounds.
Authors and Affiliations
Josep J Centelles
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP602960
- DOI 10.32474/AOICS.2018.02.000132
- Views 72
- Downloads 0
Prerequisites for Addressing the Development of Soil Erosion in Sloping Lands of Azerbaijan
The article examines the issues of the possibility of studying the areas of development by soil erosion and its control. The study proved that the development of soil erosion is based on the forming impact of natural and...
Analysis of Risk Associated with Hospital Waste Management Practices in Public Hospitals in Port Harcourt
The study set out to investigate the risk associated with hospital waste management in Port Harcourt. To achieve this, five research questions and five research objectives alongside two hypotheses were put forth to guide...
Synthesis and Antitubercular Acitivity of New Imidazo [2,1-B] [1,3,4] Thiadiazole-Phenothiazine Derivatives
New series of 10-(2-Styryl-5,6-dihydro-imidazo[2,1-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazole-6-yl)-10H-phenothiazine were synthesized by cyclisation of various carboxylic acid with thiosemicarbazide in presence of sulphuric acid was to get...
Natural Products Isolation: A Challenges and Redressal
Natural Products (NPs) are Chemical compounds directly found from the nature or can say from life. Chemical compounds are the secondary metabolites do not take parts any physiological function of plant and organism, the...
Novel Stability Indicating RP-HPLC Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Clindamycin and Adapalene in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
A simple, accurate, rapid and precise isocratic stability indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of Clindamycin...