COVID-19 Vaccination in Immunocompromised Persons: Challenges in COVID-19 Control and Prevention
Journal Title: Journal of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology - Year 2021, Vol 2, Issue 3
Abstract
Preliminary data of phase II/III clinical trials of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) and mRNA- 1273 (Moderna) vaccines those were investigated in more than 50 million COVID-19 cases and 1.35 million COVID-19 related deaths worldwide revealed to be about 95 % effective in COVID-19 prevention and both trials revealed more than 90 % of lowering the severe-COVID- 19 illness risk, whereas theses clinical vaccine trials excluded immunocompromised patients, patients on immunosuppressive drugs, or those with immunosuppressive status [1-4]. BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines encode the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) spike protein and the S-2P antigen, respectively [5,6]. A strong humoral response and strong cellular response were elicited by both vaccines through neutralizing-antibody production and a strong cellular response and through inducing Th1- cytokine production and functional and pro-inflammatory CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, respectively [5,6]. Methotrexate and rituximab can decrease the neutralizing-antibody-toneoantigen production, such as SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) that have been demonstrated the reduction of humoral responses to pneumococcal and seasonal influenza vaccines [7,8]. Hypothetically, humoral suppression by methotrexate is mediated by increasing regulatory B cells and immunosuppressive adenosine and interaction with the B-cell Activation Factor (BAF) and with significant improvement by temporarily discontinuing for 2 weeks postinfluenza vaccination, whereas rituximab directly suppresses CD20+ B-cells that is significant humoral-response-to-polysaccharide-pneumococcal-vaccination reduction and significant decrease in the immune response to neoantigen [9-11]. In conclusion, rituximab and methotrexate on immune response of a SARS-CoV-2 (COVID- 19) vaccine are to be investigated, yet. Two weeks of holding methotrexate and a few weeks of scheduling after the COVID-19 vaccination are considered until the questions are answered by the further clinical trials.
Authors and Affiliations
Attapon Cheepsattayakorn*, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn, Porntep Siriwanarangsun
Explaining the Cancer Cure with Frequencies
I spent 40 years of my life investigating the human aura. First, I started photographic it - it can be photographed in high frequency electric field and it is called Kirlian photography. I found that positive emotions...
Scanning Ion Microscopy and Its Application in Microbiology
Helium ion microscopy, a scanning microscope operating with ions rather than electrons, is one of the best equipment to analyze the surface of cells and the surface of intracellular compartments exposed by different meth...
A Survey of Methicillin-Resistance Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Patients Hospitalized in the ICU, NICU and Surgical Departments of Tehran University of Medical Sciences Hospitals
Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that causes various infections. The presence of some pathogenic factors in this bacterium helps the bacteria to survive in response to the immune system...
Potential Benefits and Challenges of mRNA Cancer Vaccines
Cancer is a complex and multifaceted disease that affects millions of people worldwide. One of the most promising advances in cancer treatment and prevention is the development of mRNA cancer vaccines. These vaccines are...
The Parochial Meddle-Endolymphatic Sac Tumour
Endolymphatic sac tumour is an exceptional, benign neoplasm arising from epithelium of endolymphatic duct or sac. Endolymphatic sac tumour is associated with von Hippel –Lindau disease in around 11% to 30% of subjects....