COVID-19 Vaccination in Immunocompromised Persons: Challenges in COVID-19 Control and Prevention
Journal Title: Journal of Clinical Immunology & Microbiology - Year 2021, Vol 2, Issue 3
Abstract
Preliminary data of phase II/III clinical trials of BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) and mRNA- 1273 (Moderna) vaccines those were investigated in more than 50 million COVID-19 cases and 1.35 million COVID-19 related deaths worldwide revealed to be about 95 % effective in COVID-19 prevention and both trials revealed more than 90 % of lowering the severe-COVID- 19 illness risk, whereas theses clinical vaccine trials excluded immunocompromised patients, patients on immunosuppressive drugs, or those with immunosuppressive status [1-4]. BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines encode the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) spike protein and the S-2P antigen, respectively [5,6]. A strong humoral response and strong cellular response were elicited by both vaccines through neutralizing-antibody production and a strong cellular response and through inducing Th1- cytokine production and functional and pro-inflammatory CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, respectively [5,6]. Methotrexate and rituximab can decrease the neutralizing-antibody-toneoantigen production, such as SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) that have been demonstrated the reduction of humoral responses to pneumococcal and seasonal influenza vaccines [7,8]. Hypothetically, humoral suppression by methotrexate is mediated by increasing regulatory B cells and immunosuppressive adenosine and interaction with the B-cell Activation Factor (BAF) and with significant improvement by temporarily discontinuing for 2 weeks postinfluenza vaccination, whereas rituximab directly suppresses CD20+ B-cells that is significant humoral-response-to-polysaccharide-pneumococcal-vaccination reduction and significant decrease in the immune response to neoantigen [9-11]. In conclusion, rituximab and methotrexate on immune response of a SARS-CoV-2 (COVID- 19) vaccine are to be investigated, yet. Two weeks of holding methotrexate and a few weeks of scheduling after the COVID-19 vaccination are considered until the questions are answered by the further clinical trials.
Authors and Affiliations
Attapon Cheepsattayakorn*, Ruangrong Cheepsattayakorn, Porntep Siriwanarangsun
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP699107
- DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.46889/JCIM.2021.2303
- Views 78
- Downloads 0
Mycobacterial Infection in Children at the Chu Hospital Du Mali: A Series of 12 Cases
Introduction: Mycobacterial infections include infections with M. tuberculosis complex, M. leprae, and non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Mycobacteria can cause a wide variety of infection. Diagnosis of these infections is...
Control Classification of Asthma in Children: Ensuring Compliance
Introduction: Asthma is classified primarily based on the level of control rather than the severity of the underlying illness process, as per the new GINA (Global Initiative for Asthma) guideline. Objective: To stu...
Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Relation to Allergic Diseases: A Cross Sectional Study Among Allergic Patients from Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia
Objective: In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to estimate the prevalence and trend of sensitization to common aeroallergens and food allergens among allergic patients and investigate the relationship between their...
Immuno-epidemiology and Transmission Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2: A Perspective Investigation
Coronaviruses propagate efficiently within the heterogeneous population of humans to disperse infections. For Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 the determination of the heterogeneity of individual infecti...
Night Meals to Pay Bills: An Immunological Innovation
This objective of this policy opinion article was to address a perspective if chrono-eating can help prevent immunodeficiency diseases by optimizing circadian rhythms of nutrient assimilation and metabolism. In the moder...