Decussatio Pyramid and Optical Chiasm as an Interesting Example of Evolutionary Process Useful in Understanding Some Spinal Cord Phenomena?
Journal Title: Online Journal of Neurology and Brain Disorders - Year 2019, Vol 2, Issue 4
Abstract
From evolutionary pattern of invertebrates and vertebrates some interesting peculiarities can be easily Observed and some change in environmental world colonized produced strange anatomic configurations. In example decussatio piramidy in motors system. This kind of evolutionary process can be responsible of a sort of intrinsic weakness of a system to be deeply investigate to produce new hypotesis in some spinal cord conditions. The medullary pyramids are paired white matter structures of the brainstem’s medulla oblongata and contain motor fibers(cortico-spinal and corticobulbar tracts)-named the pyramidal tracts). The lower limit of the pyramids is marked when the fibers cross (decussate)themselves. About 90 % of the fibers decussate and travel down the lateral cortico-spinal tract, the other 10% travels down the anterior cortico-spinal tract. Extrapyramidal tracts are motor tracts that do not cross the medullary pyramids. Car accident with brainstem injuries that affect the pyramids at the medulla oblongata. often result of dislocation at the occiput or spinal level C1. Injuries to the pyramids can be caused ALSO by the quick hyperextension of the neck (spine cervical region). Hyper-extension of the neck can pull and tear the pyramids, with symptoms like weakness in all four limbs, difficulty swallowing, difficulty to speak. A bilateral infarction with ischemia in the medullary pyramids can produce in motor quadri-plegia. Colonization of land from sea: all land organisms need to avoid drying-out and from microscopic size must create special structures to withstand gravity; are needed change in respiration and gas exchange systems. The reproductive systems cannot depend more on water to carry their eggs and sperm towards each other. the earliest evidence of land plants and animals dates back to 480 to 450 Ma, modern land ecosystems only appeared in the Late Devonian, about 390 to 360 Ma. In the new environment O2 is a potent oxidant agent and the accumulation in terrestrial atmosphere resulted from the development of photosynthesis over 3 Ga, in cyanobacteria (bluegreen algae), first primitive oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. Protective endogenous antioxidant enzymes and molecules but also the exogenous dietary antioxidants helped this new organism to prevent the oxidative damage (essential trace elements in redox and antioxidant metallo-enzymes).
Authors and Affiliations
Luisetto M, Farhan Ahmad Khan, Ahmed Yesvi Raf, Behzad Nili Ahmadabadi, Ghulam Rasool Mashori
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP604270
- DOI 10.32474/OJNBD.2019.02.000143
- Views 91
- Downloads 0
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