Development, Displacement and Rehabilitation: Indispensably Inter-Related
Journal Title: IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science - Year 2018, Vol 23, Issue 3
Abstract
A German-English geographer, Ernst Georg Ravenstein(1834-1913), is considered the founder of contemporary migration studies. Already in the classic publication entitled The Laws of Migration, published in two volumes in 1885 and 1889, Ravenstein wrote that "bad or oppressive laws, heavy taxation and unattractive climate, uncongenial social surroundings, and even compulsion (slave trade, transportation) produce flows of migrants, but none of these flows can be compared in volume with that which arises from the desire inherent in the most men to ‗better‘ themselves in material aspects". The primacy of economic categories established by Ravenstein strongly dominated the study of migration throughout the twentieth century and persists to this day. Almost all influential migration theories, such as neoclassical theories, the Hicks model (1932), the HarrisTodaro model (1970). The second regime of analysis of involuntary human mobility, developed in the early and mid twentieth century on the basis of politics and law, is that dealing with the category of refugees. Unlike the subjects of migration studies bounded by demographics and economics, the refugee occupies a primarily legal category, providing the basis for institutional systems of protection. The third category of interpretation of involuntary mobility is that of internal displacement. The term"displaced persons" was coined by RussianAmerican sociologist Eugene M. Kulischer (1881-1956), the author of The Displacement of Population in Europe (Montreal, 1943.The studies on internal displacement conducted in the seventies therefore had a selective character. It was only in the following years the 44-page UNEP report "Environmental Refugees" issued in 1985 by Professor Essam El-Hinnawi is considered the first attempt at a broad conceptualization of forced migrations caused by environmental factors. In 1980 the first World Bank guidelines of involuntary resettlement were adopted. The first half of the eighties was another period of rapid development of studies on development-induced displacement and resettlement (DIDR). The volume putting people first: sociological variables in rural development edited by Michael M. Cernea and published by the World Bank has played an important role as the initiator of more advanced studies in this area. It was in the mid and late eighties that the term "development-induced displacement and resettlement" (DIDR) first started to appear in scientific publications. An attempt has been made in this Article to establish a link between Development, Displacement and Resettlement. The Responsibility of the Government is also put to critical analysis.
Authors and Affiliations
Dr. Santosh Kumar Panigrahi
Keywords
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