Emerging Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers of Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2017, Vol 1, Issue 3
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer is one the most frequently diagnosed and major causes of cancer deaths among young women. Generally, mammography is used to detect breast cancer at an early stage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in addition to mammography is recommended for annual screening. Breast ultrasound is sometimes used to evaluate abnormal findings. However, these methods increase the likelihood of false-positive results. TNBC cells express or release some molecules into the blood stream and other body fluids at quite low level and their levels increase with cancer progression. The present review is aimed to update the currently available conventional and emerging biomarkers, and presenting the most effective biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis of TNBC.Breast cancer is the most common cancer and major cause of cancer related deaths among women [1]. Worldwide, over 1.3 million cases of breast cancer are diagnosed, and annually more than 4.5 lakhs women die from breast cancer. In the developed countries the mortality rate of breast cancer has declined since 1990 [2] due to early detection, screening and improved adjuvant therapy [3,4]. Unfortunately, breast cancer morbidity among women remains an alarming concern in developing countries and accounts for 15% of all cancer deaths [2]. However, the survival rate of breast cancer patients can be enhanced by early detection of cancer through effective prognostic markers [5]. Clinically, breast cancer has distinct subtypes, which need unique prognostic markers for therapeutic implications. Majority of breast cancers (70-80%) are estrogen (ER) or progesterone receptors (PR) positive. Approximately, 15–20% of the breast cancers over express human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) protein and/or amplified HER2 gene. Around half of breast cancers co-express hormone receptors [6]. The remaining 10–15% of breast cancers are negative for ER, PR and HER2, defined as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) [7]. The breast cancer patients are routinely evaluated in terms of expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and amplification of HER-2/ Neu [8]. Mammography is the primary imaging modality for breast cancer screening and diagnosis [9]. Women at high risk of breast cancer are recommended for annual screening using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after 30 years [10]. Breast ultrasound is sometimes used to detect abnormal findings from a screening or diagnostic mammogram or physical exam [11].
Authors and Affiliations
Manisha G, Anil Kumar Badana, Rama Rao Malla
Keywords
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- EP ID EP569522
- DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2017.01.000245
- Views 166
- Downloads 0
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