Federalizm europejski XX wieku. Założenia i realizacja. Cz. II
Journal Title: Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Sztuki Wojennej - Year 2011, Vol 2011, Issue 1
Abstract
Federalism in Europe was first introduced in the political system practice in Switzerland in 1848 where with little modifications it is functioning today. It effectively combines language and cultural diversity in the Swiss society, maintaining the unity and territorial integrity of the state. It has become a model for centralized countries with national and ethnic minorities who demand granting equal rights and ensuring their free development. It is perceived as a system that leads to internal security and protects a country torn apart by feuds against collapse. Belgium may serve as an example of such an activity whose federalization in 1993 protected the country against the breaking up into Flanders and Wallonia, also Spain and Italy that through regionalization chose an evolutionary road to gradual federalization respecting the rights of national and cultural minorities. In contrast, in former Yugoslavia non-democratic federalism led to the demise of the country, outbreak of nationalism and hatred among nations which resulted in bloody battles and ethnic cleansing. Federalism in totalitarian non-democratic states, such as the USSR, Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia was only an empty provision in their constitutions and a façade to legitimating the system. Therefore multinational states collapsed in new political conditions in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989 and new national states were established. Federalism in democratic states functions in a different way. It perfectly links national and cultural diversity with territorial unity and integrity of the state. It guarantees a broad autonomy to the federation's components and free cultural development to national and ethnic minorities. Countries of federal structure such as Switzerland, the Federal Republic of Germany, Austria and Belgium, in spite of internal feuds, are the examples. The Russian Federation which was created on the ruins of the USSR significantly copies federal. Unitarian, territorial and ethnic structure of the former Soviet Union. Despite democratic constitutional premises, strong central power, headed by the president tends to restrain regional autonomy and centralize the state. In practice, it is not a democratic system and it does not guarantee a free development of federation's components, national and ethnic groups and fair division of competence between central and regional government.
Authors and Affiliations
Stanisław Maksimiec
Keywords
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