Female Indebtedness and Enslavement: A Study of Relationships and Trends in Nigeria
Journal Title: Asian Journal Social Sciences & Humanities - Year 2014, Vol 3, Issue 2
Abstract
Indebtedness is described as a situation when one is owing an individual either money or any gratitude for services or help rendered. Enslavement on the other hand, connotes an organized and systematic procedure of exploiting an individual without his/her consent, either in terms of his person, time, energy or possession. This paper takes a look at indebtedness and enslavement in relation to sex slavery in Nigeria. It specifically address indebtedness in relation to modern day enslavement, and notes that over 70% of girls tricked into sex trade are victims of “smuggle and upkeep/maintenance indebtedness” to their masters. A survey of two cosmopolitan cities of Lagos and Abuja was carried out to find out the trend of indebtedness and enslavement among Nigerian girls in the two cities. This (i) examined the elements of indebtedness and slavery, (ii) assessed the trends and patterns of indebtedness and enslavement and (iii) evaluated the relationship between types of indebtedness and enslavement. Study findings revealed that respondents were variously indebted to their “masters” or “madams”, a situation that exposed them to different categories and patterns of enslavement. The ages, levels of education, religious affiliation, ethnicity and origin of respondents were found to have profound effects on their elements of indebtedness which invariably determined the patterns of their enslavement. Paper discusses the role of law enforcement agencies and non-governmental organizations in curbing the menace of general illiteracy, domestic and international migration, human trafficking and others. Recommendations for gender mainstreaming, re-positioning for capacity building and empowerment through functional education and realistic gender polices are made.
Authors and Affiliations
Roseline Uyanga, Anthonia Dickson, Mary Mbosowo
ISLAMIC ESTHETIC IDEOLOGY IN PROMOTION MEDIA
A company, in selling its product, uses both directand indirect selling to the prospect user. In indirect product selling, a promotion media is used, whether in product packaging, publication, or adver...
A HEURISTIC MODEL - THE CASE OF CHALLENGES FACING WESTERN BUSINESS PEOPLE IN JAPAN
This paper is based on an investigation which has utilised the data collected from eleven different case studies. Each case study deals with issues and challenges facing the western expatriates residing in Japan for th...
Maintaining Print Media in Modern Age: A Case Study of Pakistan
In the modern age, print media and electronic media are considers two edge of river that become together. But the print media is backbone of all kind of media. The basic objective of this research was to highlight the im...
UNDERSTANDING REASONS OF CHILD LABOUR IN A DEVELOPING ECONOMY: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN
The research aims at understanding and exploring the different reasons behind the plague of ‘Child labour’ that has engulfed Pakistan since its independence. As a member of International Labour Organiz...
Attitude of Vocational Business Education Students towards Acquiring Maximum Vocational Business Skills and Competencies for Sustainable Development in Nigeria
This article discusses attitude of Vocational Business Education (VBE) Students towards acquiring maximum Vocational Business Skills and competencies to boost sustainable development in Nigeria. At the introduction, the...