Fluctuating Asymmetry in the head shape and parotid gland secretion in introduced cane toads (Rhinella marina) from established populations in Caraga State University, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte, Philippines
Journal Title: American Journal of Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation - Year 2022, Vol 1, Issue 1
Abstract
The study was supervised to determine and assess the ecological health of Caraga State University in Ampayon, Butuan City by looking into the level of fluctuating asymmetry in populations and affected landmarks of Rhinella marina. Various studies have shown that fluctuating asymmetry can be used to indirectly assess water quality as well as the overall health of the ecosystem. In this study, R. marina was utilized because of its abundance in Caraga State University. Hence, with the presence and use of the thin-plate spline (TPS) series, landmark analysis was obtained and subjected to Symmetry and Asymmetry in Geometric Data (SAGE) software. Wherein, the findings in Procrustes ANOVA showed that although individual symmetry delineate no significant difference, Sides (Directional Asymmetry) and Interaction (Fluctuating asymmetry) showed a highly significant difference (P = 0.0000***). Furthermore, the results of Principal Component Scores display a high percentage Fluctuating Asymmetry of pooled (79.964%). Thus, in the results, PC 1 (40.589%), PC2 (18.8634%), PC3 (12.7566%), and PC4 (7.755%), the interaction was explicitly found to have significant variations affecting the R. marina parotid gland, landmarks of the loreal crest, and supra-tympanic edge of the cane toad. A significant proportion of the variation in head shape can be explained by environmental variables, suggesting that conditions of the physical environment should also be considered as a source of morphological variation. To conclude, this study authenticated the use of fluctuating asymmetry in determining and assessing the status of the ecological health of the study area confirming that indeed results of high FA equates for the incidence of cane toads in the area.
Authors and Affiliations
Jeffry Saro,Daguio Joji D ,B Pascual Kimberly ,
Keywords
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