Immediacy principle in the Roman criminal procedure
Journal Title: Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem - Year 2016, Vol 8, Issue 2
Abstract
In analysing the historical development of the Roman criminal procedure it should be observed that it followed the immediacy principle from the earliest times until the Justinian period. Adherence to this rule is best confirmed by the manner in which particular evidence was taken in the Roman criminal procedure, as well as by its judicial evaluation. The significance attached by Romans to the principle in question is corroborated primarily by an example of evidence obtained from a witness’s testimony. Already in the Republic period, testimony given personally by a witness before the court was preferred to testimony in the form of a document. Adherence to the immediacy principle in the Roman criminal procedure was manifested by the fact of preparing reports, initially comprising only certain decisions, e.g. judgements, and later all procedural actions. In the Empire period, the Roman criminal procedure was also dominated by the immediacy principle. The fact that the principle was adhered to is explicitly confirmed by the rescripts issued by Emperor Hadrian, expressing the demand that direct evidence be taken before the court, the reform of the irenarchae’s office implemented by Antoninus Pius, as well as a ban on legal assistance in criminal cases, confirmed by Justinian. Certain exceptions to the immediacy principle were allowed, such as submitting at a trial written laudationes prepared out of court and reports on interrogation of witnesses compiled during the proceedings, as well as admissibility of circumstantial evidence.<br/><br/>
Authors and Affiliations
Andrzej Chmiel
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP210537
- DOI 10.7206/kp.2080-1084.106
- Views 78
- Downloads 0
Review of the monograph edited by Anna Budnik: Białystok Volume on Law and Culture, University of Białystok Publishing House, Białystok 2016
The work under review is devoted to the issue of locus standi (standing) which is of significance in any legal procedure. Ever more often, the contemporary legal science faces the challenge of the European integration an...
Jakość kształcenia w szkolnictwie wyższym (perspektywa gry organizacyjnej)
Jakość kształcenia w szkolnictwie wyższym dotyczy zarówno procesu kształcenia, jak i wykształcenia wyższego jako dobra wytwarzanego w procesach kształcenia. W ostatnich kilkudziesięciu latach stała się zasadniczym proble...
Distraint upon cash located on the deposite court bank account. A gloss to the sentence of the Court of Appeal in Poznan of the 14 may 2008, File Reference no. I ACa 345/08
This gloss refers to the sentence of the Court of Appeal in Poznan of the 14 may 2008, file reference no. I ACa 345/08 which it was indicated, in that seizing the debt from the banking account of the obliged debtor as a...
Istota danin publicznych stanowiących dochód budżetu gminy na tle zadań realizowanych przez samorząd gminy – wybrane zagadnienia prawne
W niniejszym artykule analizie zostanie poddana sytuacja prawno-finansowa samorządu gminy w odniesieniu do rodzajów i istoty dochodów gminy na tle zadań wykonywanych przez samorząd gminy. Samorząd gminy realizuje zadania...
[i][b]Nowelizacja art. 305 ust. 1 prawa własności przemysłowej i jej praktyczne skutki [/b][/i]