Immune Checkpoints and Inhibitors
Journal Title: Journal of Ankara University Faculty of Medicine - Year 2019, Vol 72, Issue 3
Abstract
Antigen-specific T cells encountering and responding to tumor cells are regulated by a variety of mechanisms including inhibitory receptors and regulatory T cells to prevent overexposure immune responses. These regulatory mechanisms, so called ‘‘immune checkpoints’’, suppress T cell response. Thus, it prevents tissue damage and the development of autoimmunity by preventing an excessive immune response. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly used in clinical practice and have become part of the standard treatment approach for the treatment of various tumor types. These agents are antibody-based treatments targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, programmed cell death-1 and programmed cell death ligand-1. They have been used in the treatment of melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and some other tumor types. The incidence of toxicities has expanded with increasing clinical use. The side effects resulting from the immunological effects of these treatments are called ‘‘immune-related adverse events’’ and affect many organs in a wide spectrum, unlike conventional chemotherapy side effects. In order to understand the mechanisms of action and side effects of these therapies, which are more frequently encountered in clinical practice, it is necessary to understand immune checkpoints and inhibitors. In this review, receptors that function as immunological checkpoints, as well as the drugs targeting them, are described.
Authors and Affiliations
Özge Baş Aksu, Şule Şengül
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP684773
- DOI 10.4274/atfm.galenos.2019.24382
- Views 145
- Downloads 0
Correlation Between the Kidney Volume and Body Parametres in Normal Adults
Objectives: Evaluation of kidney size and volume is very important in the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of kidney diseases. Ultrasonography is the preferred imaging modality which provides a safe, reliable and affor...
Differentiation of Human Leukemia Monocyte Cells to Macrophage-Like Cells with Phorbol- 12-Myristate-13-Acetate
Objectives: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate appropriate model of application time and dosage of Phorbol-12-Myristate-13-Acetate (PMA) to get activated macrophages from monocytic cell line THP-1 cells. The differe...
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Mass Causing Superior Vena Cava Syndrome and Disappeared Completely with Low-dose Steroid: Case Report
Superior vena cava syndrome is a rare oncologic emergency in children. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is the most common tumor and the most common subtype is T-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Steroids, chemotherapy and radiotherapy...
Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of 197 Behçet Patients
Objectives: We aimed to share our data on Behçet’s disease (BD) collected in the last fourteen years (demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients) and to update our knowledge on BD by comparing it with the r...
The Importance of Clinical Examination in a Case of İmperforate Hymen Case Mimicking Ovarian Torsion
Imperforate hymen has been reported to occur in one in 2000 in females and it is mostly a sporadic event. In almost all cases, patients apply to the hospital with complaints of primary amenorrhea or pelvic pain. The diag...