Income Effects on Doctoral Programs in Pharmacy: Estimation and Prediction Using U.S. Data
Journal Title: Journal of Empirical Economics - Year 2014, Vol 3, Issue 5
Abstract
The objective of this study was to quantitatively determine the effects of per capita income on pharmacy education in the U.S. Data on enrollments in Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) and Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences (Ph.D.) programs for forty-five regions in the U.S. were examined. To account for the dynamic effects, lagged values of all variables were included in the regressions, including lagged dependent variables. Hence, the System GMM procedures were employed. Wage income did not seem to affect the enrollments in a PharmD program whereas it positively affected enrollments in a Ph.D. program. In contrast, it appears that the proprietor income and property income affected a PharmD program positively whereas they affected a Ph.D. program negatively. The aggregate effects seemed to be positive on both programs. Growth implications and predictions were included. In conclusion, PharmD enrollments in pharmacy may be significantly impacted by all the variables of per capita income except wage income, whereas, all impacted Ph.D. enrollments.
Authors and Affiliations
Julie Ann Luiz Adrian, Tam Bang Vu, Yaw Owusu, Karla Hayashi
Keywords
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