India’s Informal Employment in the Era of Globalization: Trend and Challenges

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India’s Informal Employment in the Era of Globalization: Trend and Challenges

Journal Title: IOSR journal of Business and Management - Year 2018, Vol 20, Issue 4

Abstract

India has witnessed an impressive growth rate since the post reform period, which has contributed to a sustained increase in per capita income, decline in absolute poverty and modest improvement in standard of living. It has also changed the employment structure of the country. Indian Labour market has also witnessed a significant change since the inception of economic reform of 1991. Mainly the types of employment being created has given rise to some concern. Recent research revealed that the transfer of workers from agriculture to non-agriculture sector is very slow and most of the employment generated has been informal in nature. An overwhelmingly large percentage of workers (about 92 per cent) are engaged in informal employment and a large majority of them have low earnings with limited or no social protection. This is true for a substantial proportion of workers in the organized sector as well. Over half the workers are self-employed, largely with a poor asset-base, and around 30 per cent are casual labourers seeking employment on a daily basis. About 18 per cent of those employed are regular workers, and amongst them less than 8 per cent have regular, full-time employment with social protection. Besides that the extent of informal employment in the formal sector has also grown. A growing proportion of the new jobs in the formal sector are of a casual in nature. Evidence also reveals that with globalisation employment of women has increased, but mostly in informal sector and large segment of them is self-employed. They work under highly exploitative, low paid and low social security conditions, owing to their low human capital capabilities, and hence are more exposed to economic upheavals. The structure of the labour market, patterns of employment growth, and labour-market institutions play an important role in shaping development patterns and outcomes. In this background the present paper has made an attempt to analyse the changing pattern and forms of employment among men and women in informal sector in India since the inception of economic reform. It also tried to explore how women are coming up for employment opportunities in informal sector after huge investment by policy of liberalization and also tried to explain the process of “informalisation of formal sector”.

Authors and Affiliations

Dr. Susmita Banerjee, Sm. Nabanita De

Keywords

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EP ID EP410200
DOI 10.9790/487X-2004031220.
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