МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ В ЛЕГКИХ КУРИЛЬЩИКОВ (ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ)
Journal Title: World Science - Year 2016, Vol 3, Issue 10
Abstract
The paper presents data on the morphological changes in the lungs of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and without it, which testify that smoking affects all structures of the lungs, causing inflammation, impaired microcirculation, mucosal fibrosis of the large and small bronchi. Herewith, a number of changes in the bronchi is irreversible even after smoking cessation. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a global challenge for the world, mainly caused by cigarette smoking, ranking fourth among prevalent causes of disability and mortality in the developed world and its incidence is increasing. Obstructive processes associated with smoking, cause remodeling of the airways, accompanied by luminal narrowing and increase of bronchial wall thickness, and pulmonary vascular remodeling underlies pulmonary hypertension with abnormal proliferation of smooth muscle cells of pulmonary arteries being part of it. There is also the destruction of the parenchyma. The above mentioned processes are accompanied by accumulation in the airways of the mucosal mast cells actively expressing interleukins (IL-17A), which trigger the production of various cytokines. This stimulates the appearance of a complex of inflammatory reactions in the respiratory system. The appeared reactions are enhanced under the influence of the cigarette smoke, inducing further damage to the lungs. Smoking is also associated with goblet cell hyperplasia in the airways and increase of the level of carcino-embryonic antigen in the serum, this increases the risk of cancer in smokers. Pulmonary histiocytosis of the Langerhans cells is revealed, which is a rare histiocytic disorder, affecting exclusively lungs of smokers. Morphological studies using bronchial biopsy specimens are of great importance for timely diagnosis and choice of treatment tactics for chronic lung diseases.
Authors and Affiliations
С. С. Островская, В. Ф. Шаторная
Keywords
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