Neuroanatomy of Postural Stability: Links to Parkinson’s Disease
Journal Title: Turkish Journal of Neurology - Year 2019, Vol 25, Issue 1
Abstract
Postural stability is a complex task that requires the integration of many sensory inputs to produce an appropriate response for every environmental situation. The balance systems employ both reactive and anticipatory strategies to maintain the body’s center of mass. The body’s ability to maintain stability is limited by biomechanical constraints, such as the bodies’ internal representation of position in space. The balance system has multiple internal representations of verticality including those in the vestibular and somatosensory cortexes that serve to orient the body and help to maintain balance. Moreover, the balance system uses cognitive resources to integrate sensory inputs. These cognitive resources are used to produce the appropriate motor responses in situations when the balance system is malfunctioning. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by many motor symptoms, such as resting tremors, bradykinesia, and rigidity. PD is generally characterized by two subcategories of symptoms: the tremor type and the postural instability gait difficulties type (PIGD). Previous studies showed that the PIGD type is less responsive to current treatments, which include L-dopa. Thus, a better understanding of the balance system and how it affects the production of postural deficits is needed to better treat individuals suffering from the PIGD type of PD. Here, we review the candidate neural mechanism involved in balance, and inferences are made on how these balance networks may be affected by PD.
Authors and Affiliations
Burak Erdeniz, David Selveraj, Merve Bulut
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP50308
- DOI 10.4274/tnd.galenos.2018.46793
- Views 302
- Downloads 0
Autoantibody and Viral Serologic Examinations in Multiple Sclerosis and Stroke
No summary
Spasm of the Near Reflex: Clinical Appearance
no summary
The Adverse Effects of High-dose Corticosteroids with Early and Late Severe Morbidity in the Treatment of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: Long-term Observation Results
Objective: Intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) is the most commonly used emergency treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) attacks and the risk of adverse effects is high due to frequent use. The aim of our study was to...
Intracranial Hematoma After Spinal Anesthesia
Intracranial hemorrhage is a rare but life-threating complication of spinal anesthesia. Herein, we describe such a rare case that was diagnosed as parenchymal intracerebral hemorrhage after spinal anesthesia. We also aim...
Prognosis in Patients Who were Diagnosed as Having Stroke, Using Warfarin, and Aged Over Eighty Years: A Clinical Observation
Objective: Warfarin treatment is a partially preferred prophylactic treatment in patients with ischemic stroke with advanced age due to possible adverse events/ drug interactions. In this study, we aimed to investigate t...