Occurrence Analysis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis particularly in Pakistan

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Occurrence Analysis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis particularly in Pakistan

Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2018, Vol 19, Issue 4

Abstract

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the known form of leishmaniasis affecting humans. It is a skin infection caused by protozoan parasite Leishmania from animals to human by the bite of a vector phlebotomine sand fly. About 21 species causing leishmaniasis depending on geographical distribution and host immunity. Population of northern areas of Pakistan are commonly affected by the disease. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) which is endemic in the tropics and neotropics Muhammad et al. [1], in Iran Iraj et al. [2], in the Middle East and North Africa including Yemen Mohammed et al. [3]. It is a major public health problem in the country especially alongside regions bordering the neighboring Afghanistan and cities that have had the maximum influx of refugees Hepburn NC [4]. In Pakistan, CL is a public health burden and is considered a Neglected Tropical Disease. It can cause severe physical disfigurement that leads to stigmatization and discrimination. Yet, no official data is available about the number of people infected by the disease in the country Medecins SF [5]. The burden of CL in terms of morbidity and social stigmas are concentrated on certain developing countries in Asia, Africa, and South America Fariborz et al. [6]. It is often referred to as a group of diseases because of the varied spectrum of clinical manifestations, which range from small cutaneous nodules to gross mucosal tissue destruction Richard et al. [7]. (CL) is an immune-mediated skin pathology caused mainly by Leishmania (L.) major, Leishmania tropica, Leishmania braziliensis, L. mexicana, and L. amazonensis Fariborz et al. [6]. Initial symptoms include skin lesions, which develop after several weeks or months after being infected, and swollen glands. The lesions – closed or open sores – can change overtime in size and appearance. They are usually painless but can become painful if infected with bacteria. The lesions can take a long time to heal and usually leave scarring Pubmed [8]. CL is responsible for chronic and disfiguring skin lesions resulting in morbidity and social stigma Celine et al. [9] Among parasitic diseases, morbidity and mortality caused by leishmaniasis are surpassed only by malaria and lymphatic filariasis Caryn et al. (2008). Worldwide, leishmaniasis causes 70,000 deaths per year Edoardo et al. [10]. In 2016, 87 of the 200 (44%) countries that reported their status to the World Health Organization (WHO) were considered endemic for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), and 7 (4%) were endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) had the highest proportion of CL-endemic countries (82%), followed by the Region of the Americas (AMR) with 58%. For VL, the “leader” was again EMR (82% of countries), with 51% of European Region (EUR) and 45% of South-East Asia Region (SEAR) countries meeting this designation Deresinski S [11].

Authors and Affiliations

Hajra Haneef, Nazar ul-Islam, Khalid Mehmood, Sajid Ali

Keywords

Medical and Medicinal Journal Open Access Clinical and Medical Journal Journals On Medical Informatics Journal on Medical Genetics Behavioral Medicine Journals Journals on Emergency Medicine Physical Medicine And Rehabilitation Journals on Vaccination Biomedical Science Articles

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EP ID EP622685
DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.19.003359
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