Performance Analysis of Constant Modulus Algorithm and Multi Modulus Algorithm for Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Journal Title: International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology (IJRASET) - Year 2017, Vol 5, Issue 6
Abstract
in bandwidth-efficient digital transmission, the training of a receiver requires a start-up process. This start-up includes three steps of setting the automatic gain control, recovering timing and converging the adaptive filters. For many applications, some predefined set of bits are sent to the receiver periodically known as training sequence which can be used as an ideal reference by the receiver because it is already known to receiving side. Such system is called supervised or trained. However, sometimes the use of training sequence is not feasible or not desirable. In such case, blind equalization is used which is invariably adaptive in nature. Blind equalization requires less channel bandwidth, but it poses some challenges and also increases system complexity. The most challenging aspect of blind equalization is the convergence of the adaptive equalizer. Without ideal reference, the receiver has to make decisions about what data have been transmitted. Generally, we use a decision device to make assumptions on the input signal. This decision device is called slicer. The decisions are highly unreliable because the received data are corrupted by intersymbol interference (isi) due to distortion introduced by communication channel. As a result, the equalizer does not converge with least mean square (lms) algorithm because the probability of wrong decision is too high. Several algorithms were developed in the past for blind equalization. The most common are the constant modulus algorithm (cma) and multi modulus algorithm (mma). Both algorithms have been successfully used in many practical applications in data communications.
Authors and Affiliations
Jaswant . , Sanjeev Dhull
Keywords
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