Prostaglandins and the Role of MRP-4 Transporters in their Fate
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2019, Vol 19, Issue 1
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are synthesized by cyclooxygenases (COX- 1, -2 and recently identified COX-3) from arachidonic acid after liberation of it by phospholipase A2 from membrane phospholipids and converted firstly into PGH2 and then into different end products of prostaglandins including PGE2, PGF2. Their catabolism take place mostly by PG 15-dehydrogenase that oxidize them into biologically inactive metabolites such as 15-ketoPGE2 [1]. It has been documented that the type of PGs in various organs is tissuedependent as TXA2 is synthesized dominantly in the platelets, while PGI2 mostly is produced by the arterial wall, corpus luteum, follicle, and uterus and two others including PGE2 and PGF2a are produced in every organ [2]. Prostaglandins are involved in a large number of biological effects and their cellular actions are mediated by interaction of PGs with plasma membrane receptors. PG receptors belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors with intracellular second messengers of cAMP, protein kinase C, and calcium [3]. Of course some prostaglandins interact with the nuclear hormone receptor peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor γ [4]. An early opinion believes that PGs are impermeable to cell membranes and cannot cross plasma membranes by simple diffusion. The main reason for this phenomenon is that PGs are organic anions with a Pka of 5 and therefore at physiological pH (pH 7.4) they are as charged form [6]. Hence, to cross the cell membranes and consequently to bind the PG receptors for indigenously biosynthesized PGs, PGs need an aid of transporter systems (PG transporter). At the same time it is also believed that to launch the PGs degradation processes by 15-hydroxy PG dehydrogenase, the PGT-mediated uptake of PG from the extracellular environment is essentially needed [7]. During the last decades it has been explored that organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are involved in transporting of PGs across the plasma membranes and among them OATP2A1/SLCO2A1 has been recognized as a solute and high affinity carrier for PG transporter. These transporters are acting via an exchange mechanism, with lactate acting as the counter-ion and playing a major role in the PGs disposition in vivo and also in the febrile response [8,9].The release of prostaglandins, a process essential for their physiologic and pathologic effects, has not been fully discussed. Based on early studies, it has been reported that the efflux of cAMP is inhibited by prostaglandins, suggesting their competition for the same transporters. Later investigations revealed that not only cAMP but also cGMP efflux is inhibited by some prostaglandins, too [10]. Very recently it has been demonstrated that Multiple Drug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 (MRP4) along with PGT are important modulators of PGs signaling. Reid and co-workers (2003) as one of the leading research teams showed that MRP4 can release PGs from cells and even importantly inhibited from release of PGs by some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [11]. In addition of previously mentioned indigenous compounds, MRP4 also functions in the absorption and secretion of drugs including antiviral, antibiotic, diuretic, antihypertensive, and cytotoxic agents, too [12]. This efflux transporter is expressed in wide range of tissues including in blood cells, smooth muscle cells, cardiomyocytes, bone cells, fibroblasts and cancer cells such as leukemia cell lines, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and neuroblastoma and characterized by dual membrane localization [13].PGs are not only important players in physiologic events such as renal and bronchial vasodilation, uterine smooth muscle relaxation and contraction and luteolysis, but also they do have crucial role in various pathologic conditions and disorders including: inflammation, pain, pyrexia, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, cancer, glaucoma, allergic rhinitis, asthma preterm labor, male sexual dysfunction and osteoporosis [5]. There are numerous reports showing downstream events following PGs binding to extracellular domain of PG receptors, however based on current evidence still there are missing facts to show how PG are released.
Authors and Affiliations
Malekinejad Hassan
Keywords
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- EP ID EP622391
- DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.19.003249
- Views 126
- Downloads 0
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