QUARANTINE AGENCIES AS INSTITUTIONS, OR FRONTIER POPULATION UNDER THE NEW GOVERNMENT CONDITIONS OF THE LATE 18TH – EARLY 19TH CENTURIES
Journal Title: Чорноморська минувшина - Year 2016, Vol 11, Issue
Abstract
The article considers quarantine agencies as institutions that in large numbers appeared in the South Ukraine of the late 18th – early19th centuries. It was not only medical service for the prevention of disease, but also direct state control over the population and the territory corresponded to the typical conditions of the Frontier until that time. At the end of 19th century American historian F. Turner concentrated on the trading outposts as institutions. The quarantine agencies of the South together with the other borderland institutions performed a similar function. Despite the need for the emergence and some attempts of establishing the Quarantine services since the beginning of the 18th century, Russian government put this issue on the state level only in the end of 18th – the beginning of 19th centuries by developing the relevant legislative framework. “Statute of port and border quarantines” had been adopted July 7, 1800 and contained clear guidelines concerning to the structure, staff and functional responsibilities of the quarantines. Ones were not only significant as for southern Ukrainian landscape complicated architectural construction but also represented a powerful state institution which included numerous and professional bureaucratic structure. It was supported by military commands subordinated to the quarantine inspector. The quarantine agencies functioned in strong connection with the other borderland institutions, subordinated to higher government offices, and had to report frequently. Thus, ones were essential part of bureaucratic system of Russian Empire. The quarantines had to be built on the open space, what made possible to observe outskirts and control them from significant distance. The conditions of the steppe promoted this. Thereby the quarantines prevented the population movings by well-known ways and prompted to explore new territories and modified the whole frontier landscape which gradually lost its own characteristics. Beside its direct responsibilities, the quarantines also had to control population movings to the different directions of the state borders which also had been forming in the same time as a state institution. The quarantine chairmen issued special certification documents likewise passports which called tickets, where name, last name, specific features of appearance as well as the purpose of visiting were indicated. People who wanted to gain official recognition from the state institutions also tried to use Quarantine services. In South Ukraine the people like this were first of all those who wish to call themselves Cossacks – former Zaporizhians, cossaks of Zadunaiska Sich and Chornomorska Army. In the same time it was not too difficult to avoid these institutions and remain unnoticed. State border still was quite transparent and nominal. Documents which remained after the activity of the quarantines agencies can be interesting historical source for research of everyday life of Frontier “closure” period. In the beginning of 19th century the guidance of Novorossiysky Kray carried out pretty successful policy aimed at encouraging foreign population resettlement. First of all it was about such a special category so called “zadunaisky” settlers as well as immigrants from Balkans on the sparsely populated South Ukrainian lands. Thus, Zadunaiska Sich in those years became a “transit point”, where people had to live during some time (one or two years, perhaps even less) to get a “honorable status” of zadunaisky settler and corresponding benefits. Intensive moving of the population through the state border which year by year had been losing the features of conventionality, but for a long time remained quite easy to overcome it, can be traced due to activity of frontier and quarantine institutions which conducted strictly state regulated clerical documentation and related correspondence.
Authors and Affiliations
Svitlana Kaiuk
Keywords
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