Rainy Days, Geographic Coordinates, Vitamin D, Silicon, Selenium and CHD in Finland in 1962-2014

Apply

Rainy Days, Geographic Coordinates, Vitamin D, Silicon, Selenium and CHD in Finland in 1962-2014

Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2018, Vol 10, Issue 1

Abstract

Background: Higher cardiac as also general mortality in eastern regions of Finland than in the west, has been decades without satisfactory explanation. High number of annual rainy days (RD) and lower serum vitamin D values has been associated with East Finland relative to South Finland. Enrichment of dairy products was begun in 2002. In this study has been assessed regional CHD mortality (a sign of CHD morbidity) from 1964-84 [CHD. (64-84)] and CHD morbidity from 2012-14 [CHD. (12-14)], their association strength and stability with latitude (Lat), longitude (Long), altitude (Alt), RD and groundwater silicon (Si.gw). Areal parts of Uusimaa were combined to one unit, as respectively by Varsinais-Suomi. Number of area units was 18. Results (R square %'s): [CHD. (64-84)]/ [CHD. (12-14)] associations: Long: 86/52.7%; RD: 61.3/44.2 %; Si.gw: 41.8/38.2 %; Alt: 33.5/32.3 %; Lat 15.8/42.6 %. Alt explained best Si.gw (50.2 %). Long explained best RD. Changes in CHD associations were highest with Lat and Long, smallest with Alt and Si.gw. (Significance: if R square % > 21.8, p < 0.05; if > 34.0, p < 0.01). Conclusion: CHD morbidity showed high inter-regional stability between several decades and was associated significantly with the number of RD in both periods and suggested on CHD association with serum vitamin D content. Anyhow decrease in CHD E/W ratio until period 2012-14 was mostly occurred before D-vitamin fortification. Serum vitamin D [S-25(OH)D] indicates not only allowance (per os & per skin) of vitamin D, but regulating factors, as Se, too. Changes in CHD E/W ratio during 1962-2002 associated with allowance or fertilization of Se. A new CHD risk factor Alt, with high association with Si.gw is presented. Calculated conclusions are based on supposition that CHD morbidity index can reflect contemporary CHD mortality. Higher cardiac morbidity in eastern regions of Finland than in the west, has been decades without satisfactory explanations [1] . This east-west difference has been reported to have been decreased by men from 1.36 to 1.26 in 1973-2002, but not by women [2]. In period 1993-97 this risk ratio by men was still 1.33 [2] . High number of annual rainy days (RD) in East Finland has been suggested to reduce vitamin D synthesis and affect on CHD and general mortality [3]. In 1980 highly signicantly lower vitamin D values have been reported from East Finland relative to South Finland [4] (Table 2): [N cases; S-25(OH)D; standard deviation)]: [95;19;1.6] contra [89;24;2.7]. Fortification of liquid dairy products with 0.5 mcg vitamin D/100 g and fat spreads with 10 mcg/100 g started in Finland in December 2002. In 2010, the fortification recommendation was doubled [5]. Dependence of S-25(OH)D on moderate Mg and Se level is often passed [3]. The aim of this study is to clarify CHD associations with Lat, Long, Alt, RD and Si.gw and discuss the participating factors. Area units in this study are principally Finnish continental Rural Centers (N 20) as follows: Provincial CHD mortality data of Finnish middle-aged men in 1964-84 are from Valkonen and Martikainen (1990) [6] as in [7,8]. Approximate male CHD data by Rural Center (RC) - earlier Agricultural Advisory Centers - are attained by benefiting provincial values as such when RC was totally inside of one province (N 17), in other cases (N 3) by weighting the CHD values of different provinces by their cropland areas, which were inside the RC in 1988 [7]. The data on cropland areas, as map and label numbers (with one exception: Åland does not include in RC 04, continental RC 04 is labeled as 04.a.) are from [8] as in [7] and calculated as follows: a) CHD.Pirkanmaan=(26.5*CHD.Turku_and_Pori+75.1*CHD.Häme)/101.6; b) CHD.Itä-Hämeen=(41.5*CHD.Hame + 15.9*CHD.Mikkeli+7.6*CHD.Central_Finland)/65.0; CHD. Keski-Pohjanmaan = (45.7*CHD.Vaasa+23.7* CHD. Oulu)/ 69.4. (N.B. CHD values of [9] in Table 1, but not figures of [9] included errors, because they were aimed for [10] with some combined RC's). Regional CHD morbidity indices in 2012-14 [CHD. (12-14)] from National Institute for Health and Welfare [11] are benefited as approximates for respective RC values. Latitude (Lat) (Figures 1 & 2) and longitude (Long) (Figure 3) of each RC have been determined by their central commune [12]. Alt was got via internet search: Name of central commune and "geographic coordinates" or "elevation above sea level". Map of annual rainy days from Finnish Meteorological Institute [13] was combined with the map of RC's [8], similar with the map of Finnish Regions [12]. Then approximate mean RD by RC was visually approximated (in Lapland by the central commune) (Figure 1). Thereafter Parts Uusimaa (RC 01 and and 02) and respectively parts of Varsinais- Suomi (03, 04.a) were combined by weighting values by the part- areas (Table 1).

Authors and Affiliations

Toysa Timo

Keywords

Cardiac Morbidity Fortification Meteorological Mortality Standard Deviation Terveyden Ja Hyvinvoinnin Laitos Continental Agricultural Advisory Geographic Coordinates Sea Level

Severe Obstetric Morbidity (Near miss)

Background: A case of “Near miss maternal” or severe obstetric condition is defined as the patient at risk of dying, which survives the complication that occurred during pregnancy, delivery or at the end of the puerperiu...

Time Dependent Changes of Nicotine and Cotinine In Mouth Cavity After Smoking Studied By MALDI MS Using Functional Organic Analog of Zeolite

Functional organic analog of zeolite (FOAZ) was used as the matrix for laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry and applied to the measurement of nicotine and cotinine in mouth cavity after smoking. In the diffuse r...

EP ID EP587852
DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.10.001896
Views 154
Downloads 0