Reformen und Erneuerungen im Deutschen Orden vom 16. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert
Journal Title: Ordines Militares Colloquia Torunensia Historica. Yearbook for the Study of the Military Orders - Year 2016, Vol 21, Issue
Abstract
The turning-points in the 16thcentury made renewals necessary. After loosing Prussia in 1525 the German Master took over the leadership, not the Master of Livonia. He united the bailiwicks in the German Empire, but Livonia was an appendix until 1561/1562, when it was lost too. The German Master was a Prince of the Empire, and the Order had the new mission of fighting against the Turks, as a support of the Empire. The German reformation divided the principalities into Catholics and Lutherans. The Order had possessions in both, so the brethren became also members of the different confessions. After 1648, when the confession of Calvin became legal, the Order was tridenominational, for instance in the bailiwick of Hessia. The bailiwick of Utrecht separated and became an independant branche of the Order, until today in the Netherlands. In the 17thcentury the Order got a new rule, which gave more freedom to the knights. In the same time the Master reformed the education of the priests by erecting an own seminar in Mergentheim, similar in other regions. After the expulsion from the German Empire by Napoleon the Order existed only in the Habsburg Empire with an archiduke as Master and as an Order of the Roman church. He got a new rule and the renewal of the knights in 1839, the sisters and the priests in 1855. He erected branches of laity, named Knights of Honor and Marianer; they helped to finance the hospitals of the Order, especially in the wars. After the breakdown of the Habsburg Empire the Order has been renewed by the Roman church as a catholic Order of priests, brethren, sisters and laity, without knights, in 1929. Today he is working as an clerical and a social welfaring Order in seven European states.
Authors and Affiliations
Udo Arnold
Keywords
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- DOI 10.12775/OM.2016.008
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