Replacing Potassium by Phosphorus in Finnish CHD and Non-CHD Mortality Regressions by Fertilization Rates in 1961-2000 increased the Strength of Associations
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2018, Vol 8, Issue 4
Abstract
Aim: Changes in human non-CHD (nCHD) mortality has not thoroughly been explained. Regressions by fertilization parameters, e.g. Mg/Ca and K/Mg, have been given and discussed. Daily allowance of phosphorus (P) is about double to the RDA. The possible role of excess phosphor fertilization on human general and vascular health has not got much attention. This study shows regressions of human CHD and nCHD(death- rates) in 1961-2000 by single and multiple fertilization parameters, assessing especially the difference caused by replacement of potassium with phosphorus in regressions by two parameters or parameter ratios. Mortality and fertilization (Eq/ha) data are from the same sources as earlier published. In the results parameters x are Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Results: Associations of [P/Mg], [P;Mg], [P/NPK] and [P;NPK] were stronger with CHD and nCHD than respective associations before replacement of K with P.[x/Mg], explained stronger nCHD than CHD, [x/NPK] explained them similarly and [x;NPK] explained stronger CHD. [P;Mg] explained stronger CHD, [N;Mg] explained stronger nCHD, [K;Mg] explained them similarly. Regression coefficients were positive with P and K, except single K with nCHD. Regression coefficient was positive with [N/Mg], but in other N regressions negative. Associations for given (N 32) regressions were highly significant (p < 0.001) in all but three cases. Conclusion: Many changes in fertilization are statistically associated with human mortality. Replacing K by P in CHD and nCHD regressions increased the strength of associations. Causes of associations are discussed. Associations of changes in fertilization with mortality have been represented earlier from different periods and different population groups [1-3] even including P [1]. Low serum phosphorus concentration has been associated with lesser coronary calcification [4]. Excessive P intake has been associated with carotid intima thickening [5] and to impair endothelial function [6]. In 1975-78 Finnish daily diet contained P 2000 mg/d [7], per 10 MJ [8]. Intake of phosphor was more than two-fold to RDA [9]. During the reduction of CHD mortality dietary intake of P seems to have been decreased, because 2012 it was ca 1880/ 10 MJ by middle aged people (men 1738 mg/9.4 MJ, women 1402 mg/7.3 MJ) [9].P-excess with low Ca and Mg in plasma are reported to be associated with spastic paresis and nervous excitation ("tetany" in cattle)[10], and so obviously with increased risk of fatal CVD with dynamic mechanisms [11]. On the other hand, harmful associations of P fertilizers with death- rates could be explained by Mg precipitation in soil and cattle rumen as "very slightly soluble" MgNH4PO3 [12]. Suphur compound (gypsum) formed in superphosphate synthesis [12] is not included into the commercial superphosphate (error in [1]). The special aim of this mainly statistical study was to assess the difference caused by replacement of potassium with phosphorus in regressions by two parameters or parameter ratios. Materials and Methods Age adjusted total mortality of 35-64-y. females and males are from Valkonen and Niemi [13] and CHD death-rates from Valkonen and Martikainen 1990, for period 1951-68 [14]. Respective total and CHD mortality in 1969-2000 are from Statistics Finland [15]. Female (F) and male (M) total (TOT) and CHD mortality statistics (1/100,000) are represented in [2]. Approximate for human CHD comes from equation: (FM.)CHD = %*(F.CHD+M.CHD). (FM.)nCHD = %*(F.TOT+M.TOT) - (FM.)CHD. CHD and nCHD without prefix "FM" represent here "human" values. Approximated Mg rates per hectare are from [3]. Annual consumption of N, P2O and K2O fertilizers [16] and arable land [17] are from FAOSTAT. By them are calculated values for N, P and K kg/ha. They are changed to equivalents (Eq/ ha) to help comparison. Values for K are totally represented in [3], P and N partially in [1].
Authors and Affiliations
Toysa Timo
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