Сутність та поняття злочинності: від фрагментації до інтеграції наукового знання

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Сутність та поняття злочинності: від фрагментації до інтеграції наукового знання

Journal Title: Форум права - Year 2017, Vol 48, Issue 5

Abstract

Здійснено аналітичний огляд основних сучасних наукових підходів до розуміння злочинності. Відстоюється думка про фрагметованість загальнотеоретичних кримінологічних знань про злочинність та необхідність синтезу їх окремих елементів на компліментарних методологічних засадах. Запропоновано інтегративне поняття злочинності, що виходить з конструктивістської, діяльнісної, інституційної та релятивної її природи як соціального феномену. Осуществлен аналитический обзор основных современных научных подходов к пониманию преступности. Отстаива-ется мысль о фрагментированности общетеоретических криминологических знаний о преступности и необходимости синтеза их отдельных элементов на комплиментарных методологических основаниях. Предложено интегративное понятие преступности, исходящее из конструктивистской, деятельностной, институциональной и релятивной ее природы как социального феномена. The article is dedicated to the problems of understanding criminality. It is determined that among the modern approaches to understanding crime the most common and applicable are: 1) a statistical approach, which is characterized by the definition of crime through the category of «phenomenon» (socio-legal, social-destructive, etc.), which is expressed through the totality (system) of crimes committed in a certain area for a certain period of time. Positive features of this approach are a high operational level, which is achieved through the attachment of crime to its quantitative and qualitative manifestations; 2) a structural-functional approach, according to which crime is a social property to reproduce prohibited by the law on the criminal liability of the act. It is the basic function of society and is considered as a component of deviance in general. The wrongful element of this property is based on the state's policy, but its essence turns out to be out of the question; 3) a constructivist (relational-convention) approach, in which criminality here refers to the relatively widespread (mass), statistically stable social phenomenon, one of the forms of deviance, which is determined by the legislator in the criminal law. It also substantiates the neontological nature of crime: there is no such object in reality that would be «crime» in its internal, inherent properties, «sui generis», per se; 4) an activity approach that shifts the emphasis of crime research on social assessment, the general character of the current expectations, the attitude towards behavior, the content of the norm and deviation to, actually, the very behavior, activity, mass social practices. An integrative concept of criminality has proposed on the ground of proceeding from constructivist activity, institutional and relational essence as a social phenomenon. This will ensure unity in various variations, to the extent possible, of their heuristic potentials. It is in the integration on the principles of methodological complementarity of scientific knowledge that the possibility of forming the most complete at the current level of development of the criminological doctrine of understanding crime is seen. An analytical review of the main modern scientific approaches to the understanding of criminality has been carried out. It has been advocated the idea of general theoretical criminological knowledge about criminality fragmentation and the need for the synthesis of their individual elements on a complementary methodological basis.

Authors and Affiliations

Ю. В. Орлов

Keywords

crime. essence. manifestation. activity. relativism. institute

EP ID EP305848
DOI 10.5281/zenodo.1203785
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