The Influence of Lifestyle Risk Factors on the Occurrence of Gynecological Cancers: A Review of the Evidence and Opportunities for Prevention and Management
Journal Title: International Journal of Cancer Studies & Research (IJCR) - Year 2015, Vol 0, Issue 2
Abstract
Over one million gynecologic cancers have been diagnosed in women worldwide. The five main types of gynecologic cancer are: uterine, ovarian, cervical, vulvar and vaginal. This review describes the current evidence regarding modifiable lifestyle factors and risk of gynecologic cancer, with a focus on the three most prevalent gynecologic cancers: uterine, ovarian, and cervical, which are included among the top seven causes of cancer deaths among women. This review primarily considers more recent evidence (since 2004) regarding the prominent lifestyle factors of obesity, physical activity, diet and smoking and provides a discussion of opportunities for prevention and management of gynecologic cancer. Although smoking and obesity emerged as the strongest risk factors, further research in the form of high quality prospective studies and randomized trials is needed to confirm the results for several risk factors, especially diet and physical activity, and for various populations and subgroups. Women should be educated on how modifiable lifestyle factors may reduce their risk of gynecological cancer. Clinicians should also be made aware of how they can assist patients in implementing behaviors in order to reduce their risk and for survivors to better manage their disease.
Authors and Affiliations
Marisa A. Bittoni
Acrylonitrile Induced Alterations in Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Bioenergetics in Cultured Rat Astrocytes
Acrylonitrile (ACN) induces brain tumors in rats following chronic exposure. The induction of oxidative stress may be involved in the mechanism of ACN induced carcinogenesis although the exact mechanism remains to be elu...
Anticancer Activity of Acetone Extract of Quercus infectoria Olivier Fagaceae in 1,2 Dimethyl Hydrazine Induced Colon Cancer
Quercus infectoria Olivier (Fagaceae) which contains abundant amount of hydrolysable tannins and traces of gallic acid, ellagic acid and sitosterol is reported to be effective in inflammatory bowel disease. In the presen...
Apoptotic Cell Clearance: An Orchestra With Still Too Many Unknown Players
Apoptotic cells are removed by a process involving recognition and phagocytosis by professional phagocytes or neighbouring cells, followed by the induction of an active anti-inflammatory response. These events are critic...
Frequency and Determining Factors of Empiric Chemotherapy Dose Reduction in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Objectives: To determine the frequency and key factors regarding empiric chemotherapy dose reductions (ECDR) in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Methods: This retrospective study involved the chart review of...
Therapeutic Potential of Tumor Suppressors in Treating Breast Cancer
Purpose: Tumor suppressor genes participate in a variety of critical and highly conserved cell functions, including regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis, differentiation, surveillance of genomic integrity and repai...