The mineralogy, geochemistry and health risk assessment of deposited particulate matter (PM) in Kraków, Poland
Journal Title: Geology, Geophysics & Environment - Year 2016, Vol 42, Issue 4
Abstract
One of the most important air contaminants in Krakow is particulate matter (PM), especially during winter months. Deposited PM was sampled between November 2014 and January 2015 and November 2015 and January 2016. The PM deposition amounted to 0.0646 g/m2 per day in the centre of Krakow and 0.0328 g/m2 in the northern district of the city. The allowed value of annual dust deposits (0.547 g/m2 per day) was not exceeded. The XRD and SEM-EDS analysis showed that quartz, calcite, potassium feldspar, plagioclase, kaolinite, and gypsum were the main mineralogical components of the deposited PM. Only in a few samples were illite, dolomite, and apatite observed. Significant concentrations were measured (ICP-MS) for Ca, Fe, Mg, Al, K, Si, Na, and Mn, and high concentrations for Ti, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Cr, Ti, V, Li, Sr and Ni. The highest estimated daily intakes (EDI) for resuspended PM, were stated for ingestion exposure pathway than for dermal contact, and finally for inhalation, both for children and adults, as well as, for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic elements. The mean hazard quotient (HQ) values for all three exposure pathways decreased in the following order: Fe > Al > Zn > Mn > Sr > Cu > Ba > Cr > Pb > V > Ni > Li > As > Sn > Zr > Co > Cd > Be, for children and adults. The hazard index values for all elements in each exposure pathway (HIelem) and for single elements in all exposure pathways (HIpath) were <1, both for children and adults. The risk values from all three exposure pathways were unacceptable in the case of Cr, both for children and adults, and in the case of As for children. The total non-carcinogenic risk (HItotal) values in all three exposure pathways for all elements were <1, however in case of children the risk value pointed to a low risk level. The total carcinogenic risk (Rtotal) values in all three exposure pathways for As and Cr exceeded the acceptable level, both for children and adults.
Authors and Affiliations
A. Gruszecka-Kosowska, M. Wdowin
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP204612
- DOI 10.7494/geol.2016.42.4.429
- Views 78
- Downloads 0
Agregaty halitowe współczesnych śródlądowych zbiorników słonych - reminiscencje z wypraw naukowych PSGS
In the nearshore parts of recent salt lakes - the Dead Sea (Israel) and the Tuz Lake (Turkey) - during the two PSGS excursions (2006' and 2011') spherical forms of fine-grained halite accumulation were found. These ones...
Lithistid spicules in the sediments of the Turonian Variegated Shale in the Silesian Nappe, Polish Outer Carpathians
Turbiditic silty and sandy intercalations in the Turonian Variegated Shale from the Silesian Nappe (Polish Outer Carpathians) contain numerous sponge spicules among siliciclastic fine-grained particles. The highest amoun...
Department of Geoinformatics and Applied Computer Science
Department of Geoinformatics and Applied Computer Science
Radiomonitoring of the Opole industrial district
The metallurgic industry is one of the main sources of environmental pollution. It emits dust, which contains manganese oxides, iron oxides, zinc and lead oxides that could be deposited in soil. The aim of this study was...
Microdiamonds in paragneisses from the allochthonous unit of the Swedish Caledonides: precious testimony of the UHP metamorphism
The highest metamorphic grade allochthonous unit in the Scandinavian Caledonides is represented by the Seve Nappe Complex (SNC) that belongs to the Middle Allochthon. This unit is interpreted to be derived from the outer...