Three patterns of group relations in martial arts schools
Journal Title: Studies in Sport Humanities - Year 2016, Vol 19, Issue 19
Abstract
Problem. An interesting manifestation of intercultural dialogue is the presence of Asian martial arts schools and clubs in European cities and from a global perspective, these martial arts organisations. The aim of this study is to describe the social structure and the characteristics of positions in this structure, in schools and martial arts organizations; how this structure manifests itself and any trends that are happening. This way of thinking is applied to a single dojo, to groups of practitioners, and to positions in organizations active in the international forum. Methodology. Analysis of a broad discourse was used, including both literature and popularising texts, as well as a long-term participant observation method. The author has, for more than 30 years, been working in national and international martial arts and combat sports organizations (Krippendorf, 2004; Spencer, 2012). This study uses a theoretical perspective which the author co-created, based on the sociology and anthropology of martial arts. The accepted terminology developed from this concept is used. Results. Three models of the structure and functioning of martial arts groups were detailed: a kung-fu family, a ryuha in Japan, and the Japanese school. This applies correspondingly to: relationships at a school in the Chinese tradition, the menkyo system of classic Japanese schools and a new Budo using the kyu-da system. Other martial arts are following these particular models. Specifi cs of relationshipsin martial arts circles on an international scale were also outlined. Conclusions. Traditionally-oriented schools maintain relationships similar to those described in the three models. In martial arts transforming into combat sports the position and role of the master turns into that of a coach. The position of the master in the international martial arts environment co-creates recognition for his outstanding achievements and versatility, and the degrees and titles he holds.
Authors and Affiliations
Wojciech J. Cynarski
Keywords
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