Toward an Exosome-Based Therapeutic Strategy in Regenerative Dentistry

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Toward an Exosome-Based Therapeutic Strategy in Regenerative Dentistry

Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2018, Vol 12, Issue 1

Abstract

Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin and have been receiving much attention in the dental field. Their role was considered to be only as a waste disposal system, but now they are emerging as a class of signal mediators. Significantly, their biochemical content includes not only lipids and proteins, but also nucleic acids, mainly miRNAs and mRNAs. They are being considered as attractive vehicles for cargo delivery to target cells. Exosomes also have regenerative and immunomodulatory properties, characteristics that are encouraging their application for regenerative dentistry. Considering the potential role of exosomes in tissue regeneration and their advantages over cell-based therapy, their applications in the dental field will continue to be studied. Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles that are secreted via exocytosis from late endosome multivesicular bodies [1] (Figure 1A). Exosomes are nano-vesicles measuring 40 to 150 nm, first discovered in the supernatant of cultured sheep erythrocytes in 1983 [2]. Since then, the progress of bioscience and technology has revealed that their role is not limited to be a waste disposal system; they are now emerging as a class of signal mediators with cellular component release [3-5]. They also have regenerative and immunomodulatory properties, characteristics that are encouraging their application for therapeutic purposes [4,5]. Although exosomal functions have already been widely explored in regenerative medicine, the potential for regulating tissue repair and regeneration in the dental field has not drawn nearly as much attention [6]. Therefore, the use of exosomes for human cleft lip and palate reconstruction, periodontal regeneration, osteoinductive roles in orthodontic treatment, healing in facial bone fracture, and chondral and muscular regeneration in temporomandibular disorders will continue to be studied. Exosomes are increasingly gaining the attention of the scientific community because of their small size and ubiquitous presence in almost every fluid of the human body, such as saliva, urine, plasma, synovial fluid, breast milk, amniotic liquid, seminal fluid, ascites, and cerebrospinal fluid [5]. Exosomes are enveloped by a lipid bilayer enriched in cholesterol, ceramide, and sphingomyelin. The membrane of exosomes is also abundant in some tetraspanins such as CD9, CD63, and CD81, that could be used as markers for identifying exosomes. The internal contents of exosomes are enriched in special biomolecules, functional proteins, and nucleic acids, including microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and even DNA (Figure 1B) [3,7]. With these components, exosomes have been identified as another vital mediator of paracrine communication [8]. Paracrine signaling is of major importance in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and it also plays a key role in the onset and development of many diseases [9].

Authors and Affiliations

Yeon Hee Lee, Il Keun Kwon, Jae Min Cha

Keywords

Exosome; Extracellular vesicle; Mesenchymal stem cell; Regeneration; Dentistry; Exosomes Extracellular vesicles miRNAs mRNAs Immunomodulatory properties Mesenchymal stem cell Regeneration Dentistry Tetraspanins Paracrine

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EP ID EP586034
DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.12.002190
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