Triple Mixed Oxides Modified Jourdiqua Clay in Heterogeneous Methanolysis of Castor Oil

Apply

Triple Mixed Oxides Modified Jourdiqua Clay in Heterogeneous Methanolysis of Castor Oil

Journal Title: American journal of Engineering Research - Year 2017, Vol 6, Issue 11

Abstract

Biodiesel is the fatty acid methyl esters, an alternative to fossil fuels, the strongest factor concern about global pollutant. Clays have very promising future in catalysis, such as esterification and transesterification reactions. In this study clay called Jourdiqua was brought from Sudan, and was modified by triple mixed oxides of MgO, BaO, and SrO, using their nitrates, by impregnation methods and calcined at 500oC for 5 hours. The modified clay was used as catalyst in transesterifaction reaction of castor oil with methanol. Magnesium nitrate, calcium nitrate, barium nitrate and strontium nitrate from Aldrich company, methanol analytical grade, purity > 99%, potassium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid 37% (w/w) with purity > 99% from Sigma company were brought. Jourdiqua clay was dried in oven at 90oC overnight and then ground, and sieved with mesh scale of 200, and kept in bottle sample. Jourdiquaa clay was impregnated with triple mixed oxides of MgO, BaO and SrO, in ratio of 50% of oxides to clay, and atomic ratio of (1:1:1) for Mg: Ba: Sr, in order to improve the catalytic activity of the clay. The raw and modified clay were characterized by Thermogravimetric (TGA-DTG), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) for the textural properties of the catalysts, Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy, ( ICP-ES), Atomic Absorbance Spectroscopy (AAS), for the elemental analysis, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared ( FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Spectroscopy (FESEM), basicity test ( back titration), and Temperature Programmed Desorption of CO2 (TPD-CO2). Transesterification reaction was conducted using castor oil with ratio of methanol to oil of 27:1 , for 3 hours, temperature of 65oC, and catalyst loading of 9%. The product was separated and analyzed with GC-FID, and 1HNMR techniques. The result from BET showed that, there was a little increase in specific surface area after modification from 9.67 to 10.00 m2 /g. Elemental analysis by ICP-ES, showed increase content in the elements that , their oxides were impregnated with clay, Mg Ba and Sr, increase in Na , Al was observed, Si, Ca and K were decreased , decreased in Si may be due to the replacing by Ba and Sr, Ca, decrease in other cations may be due to replacing, by Mg, Ba, and Srcations. TPD-CO2 showed three catalytic basic sites with total concentrations of 0.7222 mmole/g, GC-FID analysis showed that, the main esters present in biodiesel from castor oil, are methyl ricinoleate with content of 89.12, methyl linoloate 4.11, methyl oleate 3.44, methyl stearate 1.1 and methyl palmitate with content of 0.86%, 1HNMR technique revealed that the conversion of castor oil to biodiesel using triple mixed oxides of MgO, BaO ,SrO modified Jourdiqua clay was 96.59%. Clay, Zeolites, and other aluminosilicate, were intensively, developed in production of biodiesel, as the catalysts. In this study, clay with concentrations of basic sites of 0.6645 mmole had used in transesterification process , and it was achieved conversion of oil to biodiesel of 64.99% as a raw. After modification, with triple mixed oxides of Mg, Ba, and Sr, the basic sites concentrations was increased to 0.7222 mmole/g, achieved conversion of 96.59%. It was observed that basic modification by these triple mixed oxides, have improved tremendously the catalytic capability of the raw clay, while no significance leaching was found after four consecutive cycles of reactions.

Authors and Affiliations

Ahmed Mahgoub Saied Mohmedahmed

Keywords

Biodiesel; Transesterification; Modification; Catalyst; Jourdiqua Clay

EP ID EP402087
DOI -
Views 69
Downloads 0