Validity, Reliability and Turkish Norm Values of the Clock Drawing Test for Two Different Scoring Systems
Journal Title: UNKNOWN - Year 2018, Vol 24, Issue 2
Abstract
Objective: The clock drawing test (CDT) version with the pre-drawn circle has been widely used in research and clinical practice without standardized Turkish norms. The present study aimed to standardize CDT scores according to the most frequently used scoring methods in the literature (Manos-Wu and Shulman) and to estimate the validity and reliability of both methods. Materials and Methods: The norm determination phase of the study was performed with 244 healthy individuals in the age range of 50-92 years. The effects of age, education, and sex on the CDT scores were examined and normative data stratified by age and education were derived. Test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and concurrent validity and criterion validity of the two scoring methods were tested. Criterion validity was assessed using the ROC analysis to examine the extent to which the CDT scores could distinguish among healthy individuals, patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Results: In the Manos-Wu method, age and education had significant effects on CDT scores of healthy individuals; however, in the Shulman method, only an education effect was found. Both methods had high test-retest reliability (Manos-Wu, 0.81; Shulman, 0.72) and inter-rater reliability (Manos-Wu, 0.98; Shulman, 0.96) and showed high correlations with each other and with other cognitive screening tests. The area under the ROC curve had high values only in discriminating between healthy individuals and AD, and healthy individuals and MCI. Conclusion: In the present study, detailed normative data for individuals aged 50 and older were established. Age and education levels should be taken into account when interpreting CDT scores. Both scoring methods provided similar results in terms of high test-retest and inter-rater reliability, as well as high concurrent and criterion validity.
Authors and Affiliations
Derya Durusu Emek Savaş, Deniz Yerlikaya, Görsev G. Yener
Assessment of Trunk Control in Patients with Neuromuscular Diseases: Validity and Reliability of the Trunk Impairment Scale
Objective: The aim of our study was to determine the reliability and validity of the Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS) in patients with adult neuromuscular diseases (NMD). Materials and Methods: Sixty-six patients with NMD pa...
Raeder’s Syndrome “Paratrigeminal Neuralgia” Beyond Headache: A Case Report
Raeder’s syndrome (paratrigeminal neuralgia), which sometimes radiates to the maxillary section, is defined as a constant and unilateral pain in the distribution area of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve acco...
Why are Patients with Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction Being Intubated?
Objective: To describe the causes of intubation in patients who have been diagnosed with middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) by evaluating the clinical and radiologic features in...
Inflammation with Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-to-lymphocyte Ratio in Restless Legs Syndrome
.
Late-onset Tremor and Ataxia Syndrome: Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome and Neuroimaging Findings
.