AKDENİZ’E KIYISI OLAN ÜLKELERDE KURUMSAL YAPININ TURİZME ETKİLERİNİN ANALİZİ
Journal Title: Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi - Year 2018, Vol 5, Issue 3
Abstract
Kurumsal iktisat literatürü, kapsayıcı kurumların birçok sektörde etkinliği arttırarak ekonomik büyümeyi teşvik ettiğini ileri sürmektedir. Kurumsal yapı, beraberinde getirdiği güven ortamı ve teşvikler sayesinde turizm sektörü üzerinde de etkili olmaktadır. Bu bağlamda turizmin belirleyicileri üzerine yapılan çalışmalar incelendiğinde, ekonomik ve sosyal faktörler üzerine çok sayıda çalışma yapıldığı ancak turizmin kurumsal belirleyicileri ile ilgili çalışmaların sınırlı sayıda olduğu dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’nin de aralarında bulunduğu Akdeniz’e kıyısı olan dokuz ülkede ekonomik ve kurumsal faktörler ile turizm arasındaki nedensellik ilişkilerini 1995-2015 yıllarını kapsayan dönemde Konya (2006) panel nedensellik analiz yöntemini kullanarak araştırmaktadır. Kurumsal yapının göstergesi olarak yolsuzluk ve demokratik hesap verebilirlik değişkenlerinin kullanıldığı çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlar, kurumsal faktörlerden turizm harcamalarına doğru bir nedensellik ilişkisini ortaya koymaktadır. EXTENDED SUMMARY Background Corruption has become a common problem affecting both developed and developing countries in recent years. The impact of corruption on the economy can be also seen in the tourism sector. Corruption harms the sociocultural image of countries, leads to uncertainty in travel costs, increases transaction costs and decreases investments in the tourism sector and thus adversely affects countries' competitiveness in tourism. Tourism sector is an important sector especially for developing countries in terms of employment opportunities created and foreign exchange inflows. Therefore, the inadequacy of the contributions from the sector has a negative effect on the development process. In this context, the study focuses on the institutional factors (corruption and democratic responsibility) that can affect the tourism potential of countries. In the study covering the years 1995-2015, the causality relations between economic and institutional factors and tourism expenditures were investigated in the sample of nine countries which are coastal to the Mediterranean. Literature Review When the literature on the determinants of tourism is examined, remarkably, most of the studies focus on the effects of macroeconomic variables such as per capita income, general level of prices, and real exchange rate on tourism. Additionally, there are studies tackling factors such as geographical structure, language, religion, political and economic crises, infectious diseases and natural disasters. In the studies investigating the determinants of tourism, institutional structure is one of the prominent factors in recent years. When these studies are examined, it draws attention that institutional factors such as political stability, internal turmoil and economic freedom are generally used as elements of institutional structure. Besides, it can be said that there are few studies which include corruption has become an important determinant of tourism and democratic responsibility factors that constitute an important pillar of democratic regimes. Method In this study, the relation between institutional factors and tourism expenditures in 9 countries with Mediterranean coastline (South Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Malta, Morroco, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey) was investigated with the panel causality method for the period of 1995-2015. First, it was investigated whether or not the sections forming the panel have cross-sectional dependency by using cross-section dependence test developed by Peseran (2004). Then, coefficient homogeneity test, which was propounded by Swamy (1970) and developed by Peseran and Yamagata for big panel data sets, was applied. Because of the cross-sectional dependence of the countries was determined between the economic and institutional variables, CADF (Cross Sectional Augmented Dickey Fuller) panel unit root test, which was developed by Pesaran, was applied in the unit root analysis. Finally, Konya (2006) causality test was applied in order to enable causality calculation for each country. Results and Conclusion According to the results of the causality test developed by Konya (2006), a causality relation has been determined from institutional variables to tourism expenditures in Greece, Spain and France. The result suggests that institutional factors are effective on tourism and points out that neglecting institutional factors may produce erroneous results when conducting studies on tourism. On the other hand, in line with the expectations, causality relations from economic factors such as real exchange rate, inflation, population and outward opening to tourism were identified. Obtained results show that institutional factors play important role in the economic growth of countries through tourism sector. Therefore, policy makers who wish to ensure sustainable growth should establish inclusive and incentive institutions and take the necessary measures to assure their effective functioning.The Consumer Price Index (CPI), one of the determinants of the price index, is widely used to measure the price change in goods and services consumed by individuals and the change in annual inflation. Purchasing power parity (PPP) is the rate of change that enables the elimination of price differences between the countries that arise during the purchase of goods and services. The importance of CPI and PPP for macroeconomics and the methodological and contextual similarities and differences between CPI and PPP require the existence of a long run relationship among variables. The main major expenditures, household consumption and private consumption expenditures in PPP cause that PPP is close to CPI. Thus, PPP for household expenditures is considered as the spatial measurement of CPI's price differences, which measure the temporary changes in prices.
Authors and Affiliations
Seyfettin Artan, Pınar Hayaloğlu, Selim Koray Demirel
Keywords
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- EP ID EP446169
- DOI 10.30798/makuiibf.444768
- Views 135
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