Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water and Body Parts of Four Commercial Fish Species in River Okpokwu, Benue State, Nigeria.
Journal Title: IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) - Year 2018, Vol 12, Issue 8
Abstract
The study investigated the concentrations of heavy metals in water and selected fish species of River Okpokwu. Chromium (Cr) and Lead (Pb) were all below instrument detection limit in water and fish samples across the three stations in the two season while, (0.03±0.01 and 0.02±0.00) in dry and rainy season respectively with a mean value of 0.01±0.00 in both seasons. Iron (Fe) was highest at station A (3.95±0.03 and 0.37±0.02) but lowest at station B (0.81±0.01 and 0.25±0.01) for dry and rainy season respectively. Cd was beyond detection limit for all samples and in all body part except in the liver of C. gariepinus and was higher (0.06±0.09) in dry season. Copper (Cu) was below instrument detection limit for water at stations A and B in both seasons but was detected at station C and was higher in the muscle (1.92±0.14, 2.18±0.04, 2.01±0.03 and 1.71±0.04), gill (2.03±0.24, 2.83±2.10, 2.03±0.06 and 2.89±0.01) and liver (2.05±0.20, 2.94±0.01, 2.06±0.04 and 2.94±0.11) for C. gariepinus , O. niloticus , P. annectens and T. zili respectively in dry than in rainy season while Fe was observed to be lower in the muscle (27.33±2.44, 49.90±0.90, 40.98±0.07 and 44.96±0.91), gill (40.44±3.85, 51.51±0.14, 42.62±0.24 and 46.52±0.13) and liver (47.60±0.48, 52.24±0.12, 47.75±0.14 and 50.58±0.11) in the rainy season than in dry season for C. gariepinus, O. niloticus, P. annectens and T. zili respectively. Mn was higher in the muscle (1.61±0.08, 6.02±0.03, 1.66±0.00 and 5.61±0.03) gill (1.68±0.78, 6.06±0.15, 1.69±0.03 and 5.96±0.15) and liver (1.72±0.08, 6.12±0.03, 1.71±0.03 and 6.04±0.02) in the dry season than in the rainy season for C. gariepinus, O. niloticus, P. annectens and T. zili respectively. In conclusion, heavy metal concentrations in water and fish of River Okpokwu were affected by seasons, as the dry season concentrations were significantly higher than the rainy season concentrations. Also, heavy metals distribution in the river (water and fish), follow the same pattern, indicating a close correlation between the levels in water and in fish. The fact that both dry and rainy season mean levels of Cd, Cu, Fe and Mn were below WHO (1985) and FEPA (2003) recommended levels in food, suggested that the fishes of River Okpokwu is fit for human consumption. Recommendation was made based on the findings.
Authors and Affiliations
Omeji, S. ,1, Adadu, M. O2 . , A. K. Egwumah1
Keywords
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