BULGARİSTAN’DA TÜRK AZINLIĞA UYGULANAN ŞİDDET (1944-1989): GALTUNG’UN BARIŞ MODELİ BAĞLAMINDA BİR İNCELEME
Journal Title: Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi - Year 2019, Vol 6, Issue 2
Abstract
Profesör Johan Galtung’un şiddet ve barış anlayışı Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplininde barış ve çatışma gibi temel problemlerin daha kolay anlaşılıp özellikle de çatışma çözümleri bağlamında kalıcı çözümlerin oluşturulmasında önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu makale, Bulgaristan Komünist Partisi’nin (BKP) iktidarı döneminde (1944-1989) Bulgaristan’da yaşayan Türk azınlığının durumunu Galtung’un geliştirdiği şiddet ve barış kavramlarının perspektifinden analiz etmektedir. Resmi arşiv belgeleri ve bu belgeliklerden üretilmiş ikincil kaynaklar ışığında ilgili dönemdeki (1944-1989) Türk azınlığının sosyoekonomik ve kültürel durumu analiz edilerek şiddet durumları tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu dönemde Türklerin maruz kaldıkları şiddet/çatışma durumlarının iyi anlaşılması Soğuk Savaş sonrası tesis edilen göreceli pozitif barış hâlinin hak ettiği değeri görmesi açısından son derece önemli olmaktadır. EXTENDED SUMMARY Background: Turkish minorities, as a part of the Turkish nation, had to live in different countries as a legacy from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. However, many of them had annoying images for the hosting countries. This resulted in many troubles for the daily life of these Turkish minorities. One of these minorities is the Turkish minority in Bulgaria. After five centuries of Ottoman rule, the Bulgarian independence comes but hard times for Turkish minority starts. Bulgaria, after gaining its principal autonomy in 1878, uneasy life of Turkish minority begins: forced migrations, expatriations, inner state relocation and oppressions have been the reality for this minority. Especially, when the state has been pushed behind the iron curtain in 1944 until its end in 1989, socio-economic and cultural life of the Turkish minority in Bulgaria became indeed hardly. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to determine and especially to define the conditions in which Turkish minority has lived during the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) rule in 1944-1989. The “defining process” is under the strict guidance of concepts, such as peace and conflict, formulated by Professor Johan Galtung. Any individual, community or nation can be analysed under these Galtung’s concepts in order to correctly determine and define if there is really existing peace (which could be negative and positive) or there is pure conflict (even war) by preventing basic human needs. In the light of these concepts, this study is investigating the Turkish minority in the relevant period in order to determine and define the conflict and/or peace situations that this community faced. Method: This article is based on empirical fact, such as it is analysing archival documents and secondary sources produced by these archives. The main focus is to analyze the facts and to avoid any biased interpretations. Having this in mind, the inductive and deductive techniques are used to have generalized view to the problem. Findings: In brief, in the light of Galtung’s concepts, the article finds that the Turkish minority experienced violence (all types of violence described by Galtung), and also it has lived either in positive peace conditions nor in negative peace, or in other hands the Turkish minority during the BCP rule (1944-1989) didn’t reach its potential and has lived under apparent conflict: direct, structural and cultural violence. Conclusions: As a result, it has been seen that during the Cold War period, structural violence has been explicitly and clearly applied, including direct violence against the Turkish minority. Consequently, hundreds of thousands Turks fled from oppression and took refuge in Turkey. In this period, it is very difficult to say that the Turks live in peace except some nebulous periods. Especially in the period of 1984-1985, when the names of Turks were changed, Bulgaria becomes most difficult place in the history of the Turkish minority. In this period, hundreds of Turks were deliberately killed as a result of pressure and torture. Not only the names of the Turkish minority were changed, but various pressures continued thereafter. It was forbidden to speak Turkish on the streets, cultural activities were not allowed, Turkish publications were forbidden, religious symbols were prohibited and religious responsibilities were not allowed to be fulfilled. In short, both personal / direct violence was experienced in this period and structural violence was the strongest and most obvious. In terms of Galtung's concepts, the need for security of the Turkish minority, the need for welfare, the need for identity and the need for freedom have been deliberately prevented and Turks’ potential have been intercepted from reaching its full potential with the structural and direct violence. The term of Reviving Process (“Vazroditelen Protses”) was apparent propaganda aiming to convince the Turkish minority that they are actually Bulgarians that have been assimilated by Ottomans and now the state is helping these citizens to find their real Bulgarian roots. According to the Galtung’s model, this act of logical reasoning of the fault deed can be determined as a cultural violence. As a result, neither the negative peace nor the positive peace has been experienced by Turkish minority during the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) rule.
Authors and Affiliations
Anton Antonov Simeonov
Keywords
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- EP ID EP637939
- DOI 10.30798/makuiibf.534080
- Views 142
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