Abstract

Calcium (Ca2+) is one of the principal elements in the signal transduction pathway of eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, Ca2+ transducers, many signals in the cytoplasm and act as the second messenger. Ca2+signaling affects every aspect of metabolism in response to different environmental stresses. Various intracellular calcium-sensing proteins are present in the cytoplasm that involved in the second messenger system. The three main categories of proteins involved in signal transduction are calmodulins (CaMs), calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) and calcineurin Blike proteins (CBLs). CaM is a major class of highly negatively charges adaptor protein which plays important role in signaling cascades in regulating downstream target proteins. Some CaM proteins and calmodulin binding proteins are distinctive to plants.

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