Clinical Significance and Prevalence of Serum IGG4 Elevation in General Neurology
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2018, Vol 8, Issue 4
Abstract
IgG4, a subclass of immunoglobulin G (IgG), can associate various neurological pathologies in three patterns; (i) pathogenicity of specific autoantibodies in IgG4 subclass (e.g. anti-neurofascin IgG4 antibodies), (ii) neurological manifestation (e.g. hypertrophic pachymeningitis) of IgG4-related diseases (IgG4-RD) and (in) participation of IgG4 with other clinical entity (e.g. antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis) [1-5]. However, accurate prevalence and characteristics of neurological abnormality associated with IgG4 are not completely disclosed, especially in daily practice of clinical neurology. Thereby, we authors were motivated to examine serum IgG4 level as the simple and efficient way because it often elevates in IgG4 RD (especially>135 mg/dL as a commonly used cutoff) and other inflammatory/dysimmune disorders, i.e. pattern (ii) and (iii) above [3,6,7]. On the contrary, it was difficult to examine specific autoantibodies in IgG4 subclass in pattern (i) above in our situation. This is a retrospective chart-review of clinical information with serum IgG4 level (reference value; 4.5-117 mg/dL) and total IgG (reference value; 870-1700mg/dL), measured by immunonephelometry (SRL Inc., Tokyo, Japan) in our institution. All the enrolled patients were Japanese origin. Each patient provided one sample under the suspected diagnosis of either peripheral neuropathy, intracranial pseudotumor, hypertrophic pachymeningitis, or hypophysitis. Repeated measurement of the same patient was excluded from the analysis, thereby 67 serum samples, obtained between September 2017 and May 2018 from the same number of patients, were examined. Mean±standard deviation of continuous variable was shown if the distribution had normality (i.e. p<0.05 in Shapiro-Wilk test). We used analytic software Excel-Toukei Version 2018 (SSRI Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The age was 65.4±18.2 year old, and male (M): female (F) number was 36:31 in enrolled 67 patients. 7 (10.4 %) ofthe patients showed IgG4 elevation (>117 mg/dL), and in 5 (7.5 %) patients IgG4 level was >135 mg/dL, the commonly used cutoff line of IgG4- RD (Figure 1A). Elevation of IgG4/IgG ratio > 8 %, the precedently used cutoff line, was observed in 6 of 7 patients with IgG4 >117 mg/dL while 1 of 60 patients with IgG4 <117 mg/dL (Figure 1B) and (Table 1) [7]. In total 67 patients, IgG4 level was 61.5±67.9mg/ dL, total IgG level was 1338.9±402.1mg/dL and IgG4/IgG ratio were 4.4±3.8%. The number of diagnosis in the group with IgG4 elevation was; immune mediated neuropathy (IMN) =2, primary angiitis of central nervous system (PACNS) =1, beriberi neuropathy (BN) with nonsymptomatic autoimmune pancreatitis (AP) =1, Alzheimer's disease (AD) =1, and psychogenic disorders (PsyD)=2 (Table 1). Except case 4, none of the enrolled 67 patients had involvement of other organs within the spectrum of IgG4-RD (e.g. lymphadenopathy). Case 4 was diagnosed as BN because of low plasma thiamine level (13ng/mL, normal range: 29-66ng/mL) and subsequent amelioration of the neuropathy by thiamine replacement, while treatment by steroid showed no response. Coexistent positivity of autoantibodies with IgG4 elevation was observed in several, although not all, patients (case 3 and 5). These autoantibodies were considered as incidental in case 5 because this case did not have any inflammatory signs (e.g. fever). However, case 3 was clinically diagnosed as PACNS by recurrent brain infarction with persistent fever and inflammatory reaction of blood test. PsyD were diagnosed by history of precedent mental stress with the normal results of physical, radiological, and electrophysiological examination. Notably, case 1 and 2 with IMN shared common features of asymmetric, painful, sensory-dominant, and steroid- responsive neuropathy of extremities, while nerve conduction study (NCS) showed axonal injury with mild demyelination in case 1 and only mild demyelination in case 2. In both cases, treatment by intravenous methylprednisolone and subsequent oral prednisolone lead to remission of dysesthesia with refractory hypoesthesia with normalization of posttreatment serum IgG4 level (105 and 114 mg/dL in case 1 and 2, respectively). Additional treatment by intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) in case 1 showed no further amelioration. Histopathological workups by biopsy or autopsy of any organs were not performed in any of the enrolled 67 patients.
Authors and Affiliations
Hiroyuki Todo, Ryuki Ando, Katsuya Nishida, Naonobu Futamura, Itaru Funakawa
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP588528
- DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.08.001695
- Views 208
- Downloads 0
The Anterolateral Thigh Flap: Clinical Applications and Review of the Literature
The anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap has gained popularity in reconstructive surgery in recent years as its advantages have come to be widely recognized. We report the senior author’s experience over a five-year period wit...
Determining Human Age at Death Using Cremated Bone Microstructure
For age determination of cremated bones of variable stages of preservation the method of Kerley and Ubelaker [1] was chosen. As a new criterion to determine individual age the lamina fundamental is internal of the compac...
Spontaneous Pneumothorax and Cavitated Lesions as First Manifestation of Metastatic Lung Adenocarcinoma to Ovary and Peritoneum in Young Patient
A 28-year-old woman who consulted the emergency depart-ment of the National Cancer Institute (Instituto Nacional de Can-cerología) for a 7-month history of asthenia, adinamia, progressive dyspnea, low c...
Acute 1L-1β Luciferase Signal and Immune Response to Surface Modified Polyurethane-Type Shape Memory Polymers: A Pilot Study
Polyurethane-type Shape Memory Polymers (SMPU) are promising biomaterials due to the ability to change shape by external stimulus. However, SMPU suffer from hydrophobicity and bio-inertness which restricts their possibil...
Reductionism and Nursing Clinical Reality
Biomedicine has been a significant force in medical and nursing research and understanding, and described by some as the cornerstone of laboratory-based diagnosis and care within modern health [1]. Biomedicine’s in-vitro...