CONTACTS BETWEEN THE UKRAINIAN CONSERVATIVES OF GALICIA AND THE GREAT UKRAINE IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Journal Title: Науковий і культурно-просвітній краєзнавчий часопис Галичина - Year 2017, Vol 29, Issue
Abstract
Conservatism is an important part of the Ukrainian intellectual tradition. A separate page in the history of Ukrainian conservatism in the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empire is the first quarter of the twentieth century. At that time, the conservatives faced a few new challenges, which threatened their traditional values. First of all, it’s about modern ideologies – nationalism and socialism, which led to revolutionary changes in the world. The comparison of contacts between the conservative figures of Galicia and the Great Ukraine allows tracing the common and different elements in reactions of Ukrainian conservatives to these challenges. There¬fore, the main idea of the article is, on the example of these contacts, to improve knowledge about Ukrainian conservatism of this time and to analyze how different socio-political conditions in the two empires influenced the ideological foundations of Ukrainian conservatives and the nature of contacts between them. Ukrainian conservatives from different sides of the Austrian-Russian border were not at the equal level of institutional development. In Galicia, there were well-defined political environments that during the early twentieth century were trying to create modern political parties – Russophiles and Christian-social movement. Also an important conservative institution – the Greek Catholic Church – had different institutional forms. On the other hand, in the Great Ukraine conservatism existed as individual ideas and practices, but not in forms of intellectual or political environments. Mainly such situation was a consequence of the political climate of the Russian Empire. As a result of different political and social situations in the Romanov and Habsburg empires, contacts between the Ukrainian conservatives from Galicia and the Great Ukraine had the character of personal inte-ractions. The best examples are the relationship between Oleksander Barvinsky and Oleksander Konysky or Vyacheslav Lypynsky, between Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky and Count Mykhailo Tyshkevych. The last examp¬le is important in the context of understanding not only common elements but also differences in Ukrai-nian conservatism. Mykhailo Tyshkevych’s Ukrainian identity during the early twentieth century was only forming on the basis of local patriotism. This process was completed closer to the beginning of the First World War. Instead, modern Ukrainian national identity already existed between Ukrainian conservatives in Galicia (except Russophiles). Analysis of contacts between the Ukrainian conservatives of Galicia and the Great Ukraine during the first quarter of the twentieth century shows, that, despite the differences in the social and political situation in the Habsburg and Romanov empires, they did not exist in complete isolation from each other. We cannot interpret these contacts as a full-fledged interaction or cooperation. The reason was that Ukrainian conser¬va-tism in Galicia during the first quarter of the XX century had ideological and organizational difficulties. And in the Great Ukraine it did not even reach the form of political environments or parties. In spite of this, the examples of contacts, analyzed in the article, show that even in frames of personal relationships common ele-ments of both parts of Ukrainian conservatism are noticeable. Similarities in the visions of problems can be traced in letters from Alexander Konysky and Vyacheslav Lypynsky to Oleksander Barvinsky. But the biggest number of common elements can be seen thanks to the ana-lysis of the Andrey Sheptytsky and Count Mykhailo Tyshkevych correspondence. It shows the similar conser¬va-tive vision of social issues and the same problem in relations between aristocracy and intelligentsia on both sides of the Austrian-Russian border. Contacts between the Ukrainian conservatives in Austria-Hungary and Russian Empire were important not only in the light of the exchange of ideas and experiences but also in the context of ideas about the Ukrainian nation. At the same time, the relationship between Oleksander Barvinsky and Vyacheslav Lypynsky can be considered as a symbolic transition from one era in the history of Ukrainian conservatism to another.
Authors and Affiliations
Roman LEKHNIUK
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