Dysfunctional meta-cognitive beliefs and anxiety, depression and self-esteem among healthy subjects with hallucinatory-like experiences
Journal Title: Psychiatria Polska - Year 2012, Vol 46, Issue 6
Abstract
Aim. This study focuses on the relationship between dysfunctional meta-cognitive beliefs, depression, anxiety and self-esteem and hallucinatory-like experiences among healthy subjects. Methods. 198 participants (149 women), mostly recruited from universities, took part in the study. Hallucinatory-like experiences were assessed with the Polish version of the Revised Hallucinations Scale (RHS). Based on two sub-scales of RHS that measure visual and auditory hallucinatory-like experiences, two groups were divided: 1 – participants with no auditory and visual hallucinatory-like experiences (n=35) and 2 – participants with high frequent hallucinatory-like experiences (n=40). Meta-cognitive beliefs were assessed with the Metacognitions Questionnaire. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (R-SES) were used for emotional processes assessment. Further correlations between meta-cognitive beliefs, hallucinatory-like experiences and emotional processes were calculated. Results. Persons with frequent hallucinatory-like experiences tend to exhibit higher dysfunctional meta-cognitive beliefs in comparison to those who had no psychotic-like experiences. Moreover, those who had more frequent hallucinatory-like experiences revealed subclinical depression, were more anxious and exhibit lower level of self-esteem. Besides a total score in the RHS scale, dissociative experiences and auditory and visual perceptual alternations were found to be related to more dysfunctional meta-cognitive beliefs. Conclusions. Hallucinatory-like experiences among healthy subjects are related to dysfunctional meta-cognitive beliefs. In addition, hallucination-like experiences were found to be linked to emotional dysfunctions, which implies that psychotic-like experiences observed in healthy persons may be of clinical interest.
Authors and Affiliations
Łukasz Gawęda, Paweł Holas, Andrzej Kokoszka
Keywords
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