Early Nano Detection of Liver Toxicity and Injury
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2018, Vol 11, Issue 4
Abstract
Nanotechnology increases the biological applications of nanomaterials, especially in the field of nanomedicine. An efficient method for early detection of liver toxicity and prevention of irreversible damage is important. For developing a measurement of liver toxicity in a faster and more convenient way, we used a Trans-Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TER) and Light Addressable Potentiometric Sensor (LAPS) technical platform to set up an early detection of liver toxicity via nanotechnology. The liver toxicity measurements with in-vitro method included Methyl Tetrazolium Bromide (MTB) assay and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay, and acetaminophen or graphene-based nanomaterials were used. LDH cytotoxicity assay in primary hepatocyte of SD-rat was checked its release on 4 hours and 24 hours after TiO2 was added. The liver cells toxicity with addition of acetaminophen was detected after 48~72 hours and 16~24 hours later. The effect of graphene nanoplatelets on the TER value of the C3A cell monolayer was also performed. The results showed that at 4 hours there was no elevation of LDH cytotoxicity. However, at 24 hours the LDH cytotoxicity significantly elevated that was proportional to the concentration of TiO2. The cells treated with 500 ug/ml acetaminophen lost about 45% of viability compared to those cells exposed to 1,000 ug/ml acetaminophen lost about 60% of viability. Cytotoxic effects of the graphene nanoplatelets were reflected by the TER value of the cell monolayer much earlier than they were reflected by the LDH release. The MTT assay results indicated that the order of cytotoxicity was graphene < graphene -OH < graphene-NH2. Our conclusions are TER measurement has faster detection rate for the cell toxicity that can be significant to detect the mortality and cytotoxicity of cultured hepatocytes. Cytotoxic effects of the graphene nanoplatelets could be detected by the TER, and they were detected early than reflected by the LDH release.The exposure to toxic pollutants and its accumulation in the tissues increases the potential risk of health-related issues such as liver toxicity. In addition, many drug metabolites in the liver make it a vulnerable organ for potential toxicity and hepatocyte injury. Though direct exposure of most toxic organs to nanomaterials via the bloodstream is rare unless in medical route, and the liver is one of the most important targets. How to establish an efficient method for early detection of liver toxicity and prevent irreversible damage is the major topic in recent years. The inherent relationship between human liver architecture and its drug-induced injury was emphasized in earlier published literature [1].Various liver toxicity tests have been proposed based on the latest progress in human microfluidic tissue culture devices [2-5]. Chip-based human liver equivalents are envisaged to identify liver toxic agents regularly undiscovered by current test procedures at industrial throughput. Microfluidic microscale liver equivalents, appraising them against the level of architectural and, consequently, functional identity with their human counterpart in vivo has been well experimented in recent years. The structural and functional integrity of the epithelial layer which forms the protective barrier for skin is vital to prevent exposure and damage from external toxic factors. In recent era, conventional chop-stick electrodes are used to monitor the change of epithelial layer integrity. Once the barrier of the epithelial is compromised, the Trans-Epithelial Electrical Resistance (TER) decreases significantly. TER can change from 3,000 to 500 cm2 in 40 mins for Mature Kidney Epithelial Cells (MDCK) [6-8]. Microfluidic chips are the small platforms comprising channel systems connected to the liquid reservoirs on the chip. The general size of these channels is in the range of a few hundred micrometers to several millimeters. Specific channel design and integrated tools such as electrodes or a specific surface pattern, even of many operational steps, can be incorporated successively together on the same chip. Such miniaturization can expand the capability of existing bioassays. Many microfluidic systems have successfully incorporated various types of cells into chip designs [9-11].
Authors and Affiliations
Tsann Long Hwang, Chia Ming Yang, Chih Hong Lo, Yu Chen Hwang, ChaoSung Lai, Wei Chun Chin
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP592705
- DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.11.002147
- Views 187
- Downloads 0
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