Effect of Sperm Molecular Factors, Oxidative Damage and Transcripts in Childhood Disorders
Journal Title: Journal of Childhood & Developmental Disorders - Year 2017, Vol 3, Issue 1
Abstract
Disruptions in the spermatozoal genetic integrity play a major role in determining the subsequent embryonic development trajectory. Sperm contributes an important role in post fertilization induction of normal development but also processes extending beyond the fertilization. Damaged or defective spermatozoa affect the outcome of pregnancy but also the health of the offspring, resulting not only in paternally mediated increase in miscarriages but also dominant genetic disorders in the progeny, including neuropsychiatric disorders like autism and schizophrenia, and even childhood carcinomas [1-3]. Sperm, a highly polarized cell is unique in its morphology, chromatin structure, and function, is characterized by a myriad of changes which occur during spermatogenesis and spermatogenesis. The haploid sperm chromatin undergoes chromatin packaging into a volume that is typically 10% or less than that of other somatic cell nucleus. This remarkable level of compaction is achieved by significant changes of ordered histone replacement by transition proteins, followed protamine’s [4,5]. 85% of the normal human sperm chromatin remains packaged into toroid’s by protamine’s and 5–15% remains associated with histones, as compared to <5% being retained by other mammalian species, e.g. bulls, stallions, hamsters, and mice making it less compact tan other mammalian species [6,7]. Transcriptional and translational machinery of the spermatozoa are temporarily disengaged during the post-meiotic stage of spermatogenesis. The retained histones in the peripheral histone bound nucleosome complex remains transcriptionally active and have been explored for its epigenetic role (particularly histones carrying post-translational modifications) and contain telomeric DNA and promoters of genes of developmental importance [8].
Authors and Affiliations
Vidhu Dhawan, Manoj Kumar, Rima Dada
Keywords
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- EP ID EP321232
- DOI 10.4172/2472-1786.100044
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