Effects of Sodium Sulfate and Sodium Chloride for Sonochemical Degradation on 1,4-benzoquinone and Hydroquinone in Aqueous Solution
Journal Title: Jurnal Kejuruteraan - Year 2018, Vol 30, Issue 2
Abstract
1,4-benzoquinone, with the molecular formula C6H4O2, is generally known as a para-quinone. It is a six-member ring compound with an oxidized derivative known as 1,4-hydroquinone, which is a bright yellow crystal that has an irritating odour. On the other hand, hydroquinone, also known as benzene-1,4-diol, has the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2. It looks like a white granular solid. Quinone is generally used as a precursor to hydroquinone. The skeletal muscle relaxant, ganglion blocking agent, benzoquinonium, is made from benzoquinone. It is utilized to suppress double-bond migrations during olefin metathesis reactions. 1,4-benzoquinone is also used in the synthesis of Bromodol, while hydroquinone is the main ingredient in black-and-white photographic developers such as film and paper developers, where it diminishes the silver halide to elemental silver. There are various other uses related to this diminishing power. As a polymerization inhibitor, hydroquinone prevents the polymerization of methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid, etc. Studies have demonstrated the various effects of Na2SO4 and NaCl on the sonochemical degradation of 1,4-benzoquinone and hydroquinone using a 200-kHz sonicator. The highest degradation rate was obtained in the presence of 0.433 M Na2SO4 for 1,4-benzoquinone. After 30 minutes of ultrasonic irradiation, the total concentration of 1,4-benzoquinone decreased to 99% in the presence 0.433 M Na2SO4. Without Na2SO4, the sonochemical degradation rate of 1,4-benzoquinone was 4.5 times higher than that of hydroquinone, whereas in the presence of 0.433 M Na2SO4 under the same conditions the initial reaction rate of 1,4-benzoquinone was increased to become 10.6 times higher than that of hydroquinone. On the other hand, in the presence of NaCl, no effects were observed for the
Authors and Affiliations
Md. Helal Uddin, Kenji Okitsu
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP455560
- DOI 10.17576/jkukm-2018-30(2)-05
- Views 106
- Downloads 0
Heat Transfer Enhancement of Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube Using Swirl/Vortex Generator
Swirl/vortex fl ow generator is an important form of passive augmentation techniques consist of a variety of tube inserts, geometrically varied fl ow arrangements and duct geometry modifications that produce flows. Twist...
Evaluation on the Stability of Slope at Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment (FKAB) using Slope/w
Slope stability topics have become one of the main issues due to the nature of topography and weather conditions in Malaysia. This study examines the stability of the slope at the Faculty of Engineering and Built Environ...
Water Quality of Surface Runoff in Loop Two Catchment Area in UKM
For a country that is developing, there is a need to control and maintain the quality of raw water, with adequate quantities to ensure continuous supply of clean water. In Malaysia, urban development activities especiall...
Pattern of Muscle Contraction in Car Pedal Control
Driver’s discomfort has gained a lot of attention, especially among interested parties. There are many interacting factors involving both the driver and the interior components of the car that contribute to discomfort wh...
Dish Concentrator Performance Based on Various Materials for Hot Humid Weat
In this paper, three solar dish systems with different reflector materials were experimentally studied for five months. The size each of the solar dish is 32 cm in diameter and 5 cm in depth. The focal length of the dish...