Esophageal Choke and its Management in a Thorough Bred Horse
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2017, Vol 1, Issue 2
Abstract
We describe the clinic case of a thoroughbred horse with esophageal obstruction that presented a fatal outcome, possibly attributed to inadequate management in which excessive use of the nasogastric tube to push the contents was responsible of ulceration and inflammation of the esophageal mucosa with posterior cicatricial reaction and irreversible stenosis of the organ. The importance of medical therapy, based on analgesics, anti-inflammatory, sedatives (alpha 2 agonists), oxytocin, is highlighted. In addition, the use of nasogastric tube only to dissolves the obstructive content using soft pressure water and not to push content. The esophagus has mucosal, sub mucosal, muscular, and adventitial layers. A serosal layer is present for the very short segment of the esophagus that traverses the abdominal cavity between the diaphragm and the stomach. The proximal two thirds of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle, whereas the distal third of the esophagus is composed of smooth muscle [1]. Esophageal obstruction, either primary (simple choke), or secondary to other disease processes is the most common esophageal disorder seen in horses. The cause of primary obstructions are many, however roughage in the diet and stall bedding materials are frequently identified. Prior esophageal trauma or poor mastication caused by dental abnormalities may predispose horses to esophageal impaction [1,2]. However, in the author’s experience in thoroughbred horses, the main predisposing factors are; animals fed after strenuous post competition exercise or those who have undergone general anesthesia. In these two circumstances there are common factors; in both cases are animals that have been subjected in a greater or lesser degree to a period of fasting, in the same way, they also have some degree of dehydration, all this results in a fast ingestion of the food when it’s offered to the animal, forming in its mouth a dry bolus, which increases the possibility of an esophageal obstruction, especially considering that the main type of food that receives is dry grass and pellet. Although it`s true that a significant number of these cases are self-limited, some can be transformed into serious pathologies, such as the occurrence of aspiration pneumonia, esophageal rupture, or a severe cicatricial reaction of the esophagus mucosa [3], in this last case the mucosa is replaced by fibrous tissue narrowing the lumen and preventing the normal transit through the organ [4], both situations can have a fatal outcome. A 6-year-old horse had been treated by his veterinarian for five days due to esophageal obstruction, according to anamnestic information; the patient was treated with analgesics, antiinflammatory, sedatives, oxytocin, in therapeutic doses and mechanical decompression with nasogastric tube. Because of this, the removal of the foreign body from the esophagus was achieved. Twenty-four hours after treatment the horse received water and food in small amounts, however at 72 hours the animal had recurrence of clinical signs, then the veterinarian repeated the same treatment scheme described above several times, using the nasogastric tube, with no results positive, so he decided to move the horse to the teaching hospital of the University. When the patient was received in the teaching hospital he showed depression (in the interpretation of this sign should be considered the repeated medication with alpha 2 agonists performed by his veterinarian), the horse was standing with the neck extended, bilateral nasal foam flow which contains saliva and food material, cough, odynophagia, ptyalism and dysphagia with repeated attempts to swallow. Palpation of the jugular furrow revealed a mass associated with the impaction at the first third of the esophagus. Heart rate was 50 beats / minute, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths / minute, auscultation of the lungs was normal, capillary refill time of three seconds, skin tent of five seconds, mucous membranes congestive. Hemogram with the classic reaction of stress (leukocytosis with neutrophilia and lymphopenia) and biochemical profile within normal ranges. In these values should be considered the medication to which his veterinarian has subjected the animal and that could distort the observation made. Radiographic (Figure 1) and Ultrasonography evaluation of the cervical region confirmed the presence of a cervical esophageal impaction in the first third of the esophagus, which was corroborated by endoscopy (Figure 2). Treatment Fluid therapy was performed considering anestimate dehydration at 5%; oxytocin at a rate of 0.1 IU / kg body weight [5] was given in 500 ml of saline solution twice in a 30-minute interval [6]. Then nasogastric tube was placed until the obstruction and the content was then dissolved using warm water at gentle pressure keeping the head of the animal down [7]. Once the obstruction was resolved, the animal was calm, stopped the sialorrhea, the nasal reflux, and kept its neck and head in normal condition. The endoscopic assessment of the esophagus following resolution of the impaction is very important to determine whether mucosal ulceration, esophageal rupture, masses, diverticula or strictures are present, since this depends on the prognosis of the clinical case [1]. In this case, esophageal endoscopic examination showed a very ulcerated and inflamed mucosa at the site of the obstruction (Figure 3). The radiological evaluation of the esophageal with contrast medium barium showed a significant decrease in the esophageal lumen.
Authors and Affiliations
Adolfo F Godoy Pinto
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP567162
- DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2017.01.000194
- Views 127
- Downloads 0
The Current Model of Cardiac Arrhythmia Based on an Autonomous Dynamical System with A Smale - Williams Hyperbolic Attractor
Autonomous hyperbolic attractors were introduced: by Smale and Anosov, Alekseev, Williams, Sinai, Ruelle, and other Neuhausen, about 70 years ago. Traditional examples of uniformly hyperbolic attractors are discrete-time...
Is there a Low Risk of Multiple Sclerosis in HIV Patients?
Objective: Discuss the hypothesis of HIV infection to reduce the risk of Multiple Sclerosis. Method: Non-systematic review using a Google Scholar platform of articles with the keywords: “HIV” or “Human Immunodeficiency V...
Protein Content of Dr Alcaraz Y Col Protocol for ObtainingPlasma Growth Factors in 350 Healthy Patients andComparison with Other Methods Published in Literature
Introduction: The diversity of procedures for obtaining platelet and plasmatic growth factors, the absence of control in most of them and the growing field of clinical application, makes them necessary methods adequately...
Study of Chondrosarcoma in Northwest Region of Libya
Chondrosarcoma (CS) is a relatively rare malignant tumor of chondroblasts with pure hyaline cartilage differentiation. The neo-plastic cells do not synthesize osteoid, but areas of calcification, ossification and myxoid...
The Role of the Sciton Profile Nd-Yag Laser in the Reduction of Cutaneous Varicosities, a Pilot Study
The current pilot study reports a 19 patient case series to determine the effectiveness of the Sciton Profile Nd- YAG laser in the reduction of cutaneous vessels. Documentation was made of vessel characteristics includin...