Evaluation of Current Status of Urine and Serum Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Follow-up of Bladder Cancer: Review
Journal Title: Türkderm - Deri Hastalıkları ve Frengi Arşivi - Year 2019, Vol 18, Issue 4
Abstract
Bladder cancer is a very common, aggressive malignant tumor. It is associated with high recurrence and mortality rates. Early detection of bladder cancer and recurrences is very vital to ensure long survival. The main purpose of screening methods is to detect the disease at an early stage. Diagnosis and follow-up of these patients are currently based on endoscopic approaches, which is expensive and invasive, and urinary cytology with low sensitivity. In order to reduce the burden of cystoscopic evaluation, which is the standard approach used in the follow-up, urine strip tests have been used in order to evaluate the presence of hematuria, and cost effective and relatively high-performance molecular markers, respectively. However, there is still no safe biomarker to replace the conventional approach. Bladder tumors exhibit a wide heterogeneity with various molecular differences associated with different morphological symptoms and disease phenotypes. Therefore, the introduction of biomarkers that evaluate the aggressiveness of the disease, the risk of progression, the likelihood of recurrence and prognosis will improve patient management. In addition, integrating the use of molecular biomarkers with conventional pathological evaluation will allow us to make clinical decisions, such as the selection of adjuvant and salvage treatment.
Authors and Affiliations
Mehmet Yıldızhan, Hakan Gemalmaz
Keywords
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