Features of functional-semantic types of one-compound sentences of appeal
Journal Title: Scientific journal «International Journal of Philology» - Year 2014, Vol 1, Issue 206
Abstract
The article highlights the issue of separation of functional-semantic varieties of composite sentences of appeal in linguistics. It is indicated that composite sentences of appeal in the modern Ukrainian literary language is considered to be one of the types of nominative composite syntactic units, the main purpose of which is to appeal to the speech addressee, naming him and encouraging to conversation or some actions. Vocative constructions represent separate functional linguistic sphere − sphere of appeal, which has a number of means of expression, specialized to implement certain functions. These syntactic units also have the appropriate representation not only in formal-syntactic, but also in functional-semantic level, which is much more complicated and syncretic. The author noted that compared to the composite sentences of representation, sentences of appeal are given much less attention because there is an appreciable difference between: 1) branching of spheres (sphere of representation is more extensive in its capabilities), 2) time range of study process (sphere of appeal is a relatively new object of linguistic study) and 3) ambiguous syntactic qualification of nominative and vocative constructions in linguistics (it is known that Russian linguists, for example, interpret the status of vocative sentences in different ways, sometimes these structures do not distinguish from other forms of appeal and Ukrainian researchers) etc. Attention should be paid to the fact that well-known linguists singled out the following types of composite sentences of sphere of representation (nominative sentences): existential (narrative, existential) directive, evaluative (evaluative- existential), nominative (properly nominative), wishing-existential (motivating- existential), substantive qualitative-evaluation constructions and „imaginary nominative‖ („subject nominative‖). Instead, functional- semantic expressions of composite sentences of appeal are devided into: motivating-vocative (sentences- appeals), emotional exclamation structures (sentences with a clear motivating function), sentences that express a variety of reactions, and in fact vocative sentences. Special attention in the article is paid to the principles of differentiation of vocative structures, generally made on the basis of their functional, semantic and intonational features in the relevant contextual situation. Because of the similarity in terms of formal expression, structural and grammatical features of sentences of appeal weren’t placed in the basis of classification. Science also knows attempts of lexical-semantic separation of these syntactic units, getting as a result the description of eight categories of words that can act as vocatives. The features of each kind of functional-semantic composite sentence of appeal were traced, in particular the following: 1) motivating-vocative constructions or sentences - appeals are very close to simple appeals, as they force the interlocutor to respond somehow, to react, respond to the call request requirement, but they are characterized by intonational and grammatical independence, 2) emotional exclamation units or sentences are much more complex and deeper by content than the previous ones, as their intention is to compel the speaker to stop talking, prevent further actions, warn against undesirable behavior and also to prevent banning, rebuke, reprimand, reproach, irony, ridicule, contempt and express different feelings (anxiety, distress, caution, anger, etc. ), 3) constructions that express a variety of reactions of the interlocutor to speakers' actions and words of and convey their inner emotions (surprise , joy, love, gratitude, respect, affection, fear, admiration ) and remind by meaning emotionally vocative constructions, however, accompanied by another and at the same time varying intonation shade , 4) proper vocative syntactic units or appeal-characteristics, the syntactic status of which is questionable and not fully defined, appear as a result of recognition of persons with emotionally charged nature and express the whole opinion, 5) appealing formula and „imaginary vocative‖ scholars enrolled to the nominative syntactic units, considering them entirely separate and distinct expressions. It was determined that the semantics of the considered varieties of composite sentences of appeal largely depends on various grammatical factors (intonation functions (naming, motivation), lexical content, communication tasks and the language situation ), which contribute to the formation of separate groups. We found a number of similarities, specific to functional-semantic varieties of composite sentences of representation and appeal: first of all − in nomination, secondly − in contextual independence and thirdly, in the logic-syntactic division, and fourthly − in high emotional colouring.
Authors and Affiliations
N Vitruk
Keywords
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