Freedom, Self-Consciousness and Identity The Theory of Freedom and Identity in Kant's Moral Philosophy
Journal Title: The Journal of Human Rights - Year 2009, Vol 3, Issue 2
Abstract
A review of arguments about freedom and ethics from ancient times to contemporary era would reveal diverse conceptions of the concepts of freedom and ethics. However, Kant has forwarded his positive theory of freedom as the best possible way of modern man's being in his scientific philosophy. He has formulated the foundations of independent concept of freedom, putting forth some concepts in close connection with the concepts of self-consciousness, inner identity and integrity that make modern man a man in its real sense. Kant's concept of freedom is strongly under the influence of philosophy of Rousseau; freedom is the highest embodiment of man, which is the result of his specific activity aimed at his intellectual and spiritual development. Kant's basic concept of ethic is that of free will which is self-propelled. The action or behavior arises from one's duty which directs man to act or behave morally. The present article is an attempt to elaborate these concepts from the viewpoint of Kant and also to discuss his answer to the following question: How modern man is educated and raised? چکیده یک بازنگری به جستارهای آزادی و اخلاق از عصر باستان تا دوره معاصر، تصورهای متنوعی از مفاهیم آزادی و اخلاق را آشکار می‌کند؛ اما کانت نظریه ایجابی (تحصلی) آزادی خود را به عنوان برترین طریقه ممکن هستی انسان مدرن در فلسفه علمی خود طرح کرده است. او ضمن تدوین مبانی مفهوم مستقل آزادی، مفاهیم مرتبط با آن یعنی خودآگاهیِ اخلاقی، هویت درونی و یکپارچگی را (که انسان مدرن را به مفهوم واقعی کلام «انسان» می‌کند) مطرح می‌کند. مفهوم آزادی کانت متأثر از فلسفه روسو است؛ آزادی، برترین تعیّن انسان است که نتیجه فعالیت خاص انسان برای توسعه استعداد فکری و روحی خود است. مفهوم اصلی اخلاق کانت، مفهوم اراده خود مختار است؛ رفتاری که از او نشئت می‌گیرد، تحت هدایت وظیفه‌ای است که دستور رفتار اخلاقی بر آن استوار است. این مقاله به تبیین زوایای مختلف این مفاهیم از دیدگاه کانت می‌پردازد و پاسخ او به این پرسش را که «چگونه انسان مدرن تربیت و پرورش می‌یابد؟» با خوانندگان در میان می‌نهد
Authors and Affiliations
Mahmoud Ebadian
Keywords
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