Head and neck lymphomas in children
Journal Title: Nowa Pediatria - Year 2015, Vol 19, Issue 2
Abstract
Introduction. Pediatric lymphomas of head and neck region are associated with cervical lympadenopathy, however, can also have other various manifestations. Lymphomas are divided into Hodgkin lymphomas (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL). Clinical diagnosis is based on symptoms, diagnostic imaging and biopsy. Treatment is often successful with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or both. Aim. The presentation of epidemiological, histological, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of lymphomas of head and neck region in pediatric population. Material and methods. The literature review of available medical articles and papers considering lymphomas of head and neck in children was done. Results. The most common symptom of lymphomas of head and neck region in children is cervical lympadenopathy. Extranodular localizations include mostly Waldeyer’s ring. Extralymphatic localizations, mainly in NHL, include paranasal sinuses, orbit, cranial base, mandible, maxilla, submandibular gland, central nervous system, thyroid gland, parotid, pharynx and parapharyngeal space. Thus a child with lymphoma of head and neck region apart from cervical lymphadenopathy may present with symptoms of nasal obstruction, rhinorrhea, facial swelling, ophthalmic involvement and tonsillar enlargement. Ultrasonography of neck is first-line diagnostic tool in case of neck lymphadenopathy. Computed tomography with contrast or PET are used in staging and monitoring of the disease. Surgical biopsy of an enlarged lymph node or any other suspicious lesion is mandatory for final diagnosis of lymphoma. Chemotherapy, with or without radiotherapy, is treatment of choice. Conclusions. Lymphomas of head and neck in children are rare. The most common symptom is cervical lymphadenopathy. Non-specific lesions in craniofacial area may also be a manifestation of lymphoma thus GPs and pediatricians should be aware of careful diagnostic procedures in those cases. Any abnormal non-specific mass or lesion in the head and neck region, especially the one not responding to applied treatment, should be consulted with ENT specialist. Diagnostic imaging consist of ultrasonography of the neck, computed tomography with contrast or PET. The treatment in case of lymphoma is chemotherapy, sometimes combined with radiotherapy.
Authors and Affiliations
Teresa Ryczer, Lidia Zawadzka-Głos
Keywords
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