Medical Rice as a Whole Grain: A New Technological Advancement By Shaw Watanabe, For Prevention of Cardiometabolic Diseases and Dementia
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2019, Vol 14, Issue 4
Abstract
Dementia has become a public health problem due to its impact on health and daily life. Major risk factors of dementia are cardiometabolic disease(CMDs), tobacco and lack of physical exercise. Western diet is an emerging risk factor of dementia due to its influence on all these risk factors of CMDs. However, Western diet may be an independent risk factor of dementia due its lack of antioxidant vitamins, and flavonoids, fiber, omega-3 fatty acids and essential amino acids in these diets. The Lyon Heart study, The Indo-Mediterranean Diet Heart study and the PREDIMED study showed that Mediterranean style diets that are rich in whole grains can protect against CMDs and cancer [1-4]. These diets are also known to decrease psychological disorders and dementia due to high content of flavonoids [5-8]. This review aims to examine, if Mediterranean style diets, in particular whole grains, including medical rice can inhibit cognitive decline and dementia. Mediterranean Style Diets and Risk of Dementia Mediterranean style diets are rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, olive oil and fish with lower red meat and preserved meats [4]. These diets can lower the risk of cognitive decline by reducing the risk of developing CMDs, a known risk factor for dementia, as well as by their direct effect [4-8]. The mechanism of action of this diet is that it also has an anti-oxidant and antiinflammatory effects that are major mechanisms underlying dementia [4] found that there is strong evidence for protective effects of vitamin E, B vitamins, magnesium, vitamin D, flavonoids, amino acids and n-3 fatty acids, and deleterious effects of sugary and rapidly absorbed refined fast foods, saturated and trans fat, red and preserved meats on dementia [1,3,9]. Among specific foods with evidence of neuroprotection are leafy and other vegetables, berries, whole grains (beans and pulses, porridge, grams, flex seeds, seeds, soya beans and millets) and seafood [4-9]. The PREDIMED study, assessed 522 participants at high vascular risk (44.6% men, age 74.6 ± 5.7 years at cognitive evaluation) enrolled in a multicentre, randomised, primary prevention trial [7]. After adjustment for sex, age, education, Apolipoprotein E genotype, family history of cognitive impairment/dementia, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, alcohol and total energy intake, participants allocated to the Meddiet + EVOO showed higher mean mini mental state examination (MMSE) and clock drawing test (CDT) scores with significant differences versus control (adjusted differences: +0.62 95% CI +0.18 to +1.05, p=0.005 for MMSE, and +0.51 95% CI +0.20 to +0.82, p=0.001 for CDT). The adjusted means of MMSE and CDT scores were also higher for participants allocated to the Meddiet+Nuts versus control (adjusted differences: +0.57 (95% CI +0.11 to +1.03), p=0.015 for MMSE and +0.33 (95% CI +0.003 to +0.67), p=0.048 for CDT). It is possible that an intervention with Meddiets enhanced with either EVOO or nuts appears to improve cognition compared with a low-fat diet [7]. In a meta-analysis 32 studies from 25 unique cohorts, including 5 randomized, controlled trials and 27 observational studies, met the inclusion criteria [5]. The majority of studies showed that the Mediterranean style diet was associated with improved cognitive function, a decreased risk of cognitive impairment or decreased risk of dementia, or Alzeimers disease. Of the total, 3 studies reported no correlation between the diet and Alzheimer’s disease, another 3 studies reported no association between the diet and cognitive impairment, and 5 studies found no association between the diet and cognitive function. In view of the large heterogeneity, differences in quality and the limitations in study design, it is possible that adherence to the Mediterranean style diet was associated with better cognitive performance [5]. In a more recent review, following PRISMA guidelines and was conducted using four databases and resulted in 31 articles of interest [6]. Cross-sectional studies and cohort studies in the nonMediterranean region showed mixed results. However, cohort studies in the Mediterranean region and randomized controlled trials showed more cohesive outcomes of the beneficial effect of the Mediterranean style diets on cognitive function [6]. Although more standardized and in-depth studies are needed to strengthen the existing body of evidence, results from this review indicate that the Mediterranean diet may have a major role in cognitive health and risk of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. According to another review, several studies have examined dietary patterns, particularly the Mediterranean and DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diets. However, neither of these diets are tailored to the specific foods and nutrients that have been identified as neuroprotective [9]. A newly developed diet, called MIND (Mediterranean–DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay), incorporates many elements of the Mediterranean and DASH diets but with modifications that reflect the best evidence for neuronal protection. These problems of the association of Mediterranean style diets with dementia may be explained by inadequate attention to nutrient/food intake in the interpretation of results of the study. In a further study, the German Study on Aging, Cognition and Dementia in Primary Care Patients (AgeCoDe), dietary intake of red wine, white wine, coffee, green tea, olive oil, fresh fish, fruits and vegetables, red meat and sausages, was assessed by a single-food-questionnaire [10]. Participants aged 75+ of cohort (n=2622) were regularly followed over 10 years for incidence of Alzheimer’s disease ( n = 418). The results showed that only higher red wine intake was associated with a lower incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (HR = 0.92; P = 0.045). However, this was true only for men (HR = 0.82; P < 0.001), while in women higher red wine intake was associated with a higher incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (HR = 1.15; P = 0.044), and higher white wine intake with a more pronounced memory decline over time (HR = −0.13; P = 0.052) [10]. It is clear that no evidence was observed for these single foods to be protective against cognitive decline, with the exception of red wine, which reduced the risk for Alzheimer’s disease only in men.
Authors and Affiliations
Ram B Singh, Shaw Watanabe, Viliam Mojto, Toru Takahashi, Rie Horuichi, Kumar Kartikey, Kolcunova Martina
Keywords
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- EP ID EP594716
- DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2019.14.002595
- Views 110
- Downloads 0
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