Non-Coding RNAS and Steroidogenesis
Journal Title: Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research (BJSTR) - Year 2018, Vol 10, Issue 2
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs have retained a prominent role in regulating gene expression. They are RNA species that are not transcribed but functional participate in almost every aspect of cellular function. One of the triggers of their discovery was the human genome project. The number of genes found in the human genome fluctuated during the analyses due to the abundant non-coding RNAs that were difficult to be judged as a gene or not. These non-coding RNAs are consisted of: microRNAs (mi-RNAs) that were found as RNAs transcribed form ultra-conserved regions; and other evolutionary conserved ones such as circular RNAs (circ-RNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lnc-RNAs), as well as PIWI-interacting RNAs, small nucleolar RNAs, transcribed ultra conserved regions, and large intergenic non-coding RNAs. The amount of these functional non-coding RNAs have been increasing in a nearly exponential manner since their discoveries and have been listed up to more than half of the transcribed RNAs in the human cell. This review will focus on non-coding RNAs related with genes important for the function of the adrenal cortex.In the human adrenal cortex, many intermediate steroids are metabolized from cholesterol by steroidogenic enzymes as shown in the "steroid map" of the adrenal cortex. The H295R cell line originates from adrenocortical cancer (ACC), and is commonly used for studying steroidogenesis from its steroid-producing features. From 2009, many studies searched for miRNAs in the adrenal gland as biomarkers to distinguish between adrenal cancer, adrenal adenomas, and normal adrenal cortex tissue. The discovery of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) overexpressed in ACCs compared to adenomas makes it a useful biomarker [1]. A miRNA that is expressed from the intronic region of IGF2 also correlated with ACCs [2]. The mi-RNA that targets IGF2 in ACCs is mi-RNA-100[3], which is also known to target other cancers [4-7]. Mi-RNA-195 down-regulation and mi-RNA-483-5p up-regulation were found to be associated with poor prognosis in ACCs [8]. In later studies, these two mi-RNAs were found to be detectable in the serum of patients with high recurrence risk of ACCs [9]. Especially, mi-RNA- 483-5p predicts recurrence and was shown to correlate with the amount of circulating tumor cells ACCs [10]. Other studies show mi- RNA-675, miRNA-139-3p, and micro-RNA-335 to be upregulated in ACCs compared to adrenal adenomas [11]. Combined with pathway analysis, miR-184 and mi-R-503 show higher and mi-R- 511 and miR-214 show lower expression in ACCs involving the G2/M checkpoint [12]. In adrenocortical tumors microRNA profiles tend to differ from normal adrenal cortex. miRNA-24 was down- regulated in aldosterone-producing adenomas [13]. A bilateral adrenal hyperplasia form of adrenal adenoma called primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD) is known for its disorders of protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit type 1A (PRKARIA) and leads to Cushing's syndrome in young people [14].
Authors and Affiliations
Kenji Ohe, Yoshihiro Harada, Hiroyoshi Harada, Hiroki Terai, Yusuke Murata, Munechika Enjoji
Keywords
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- EP ID EP591858
- DOI 10.26717/BJSTR.2018.10.001910
- Views 174
- Downloads 0
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